Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park

Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park covers 23 ha of the Bulkley River Valley, on the east side of Driftwood Creek, a tributary of the Bulkley River, 10 km northeast of the town of Smithers. The park is accessible from Driftwood Road from Provincial Highway 16. It was created in 1967 by the donation of the land by the late Gordon Harvey (1913–1976) to protect fossil beds on the east side of Driftwood Creek. The beds were discovered around the beginning of the 20th century. The park lands are part of the asserted traditional territory of the Wet'suwet'en First Nation.[1][2]

Access

A car park just off the road access, leads to an interpretive sign and a bridge across Driftwood Creek. A short interpretive trail leads visitors to a cliff-face exposure of Eocene shales that were deposited in an inter-montane lake. Interbedded within the shales are volcanic ash beds, the result of area volcanoes that were erupting throughout the life of the Eocene lake that produced the shales. Preserved within the shale formations are plant, animal and insect species that inhabited the area over 50 million years ago. Similar fossil beds in Eocene lake sediments are found at the McAbee Fossil Beds Heritage Site west of Kamloops in southern British Columbia. The Princeton Chert fossil beds in southern British Columbia are also Eocene, but primarily preserve an aquatic plant community.

The BC Parks management plan for Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park lists these conservation attributes:

  • internationally-significant Eocene fossil beds: most northerly site in North America with fossilised Eocene insects; fossils also include ancestral salmon, trout and suckers, including Eosalmo driftwoodensis;
  • site of ongoing paleontological research;
  • remnant Bulkley Basin Ecosection (high priority, underrepresented ecosection) SBSdk (dry cool sub-boreal spruce subzone; underrepresented biogeoclimatic subzone).

Limited personal fossil collecting was originally permitted in Driftwood Canyon Park, and the site is listed in several tourism and rock collection guides as a place to visit for this activity. However, in the past 5 or so years following recommendations to cease unrestricted public and commercial collection of fossils, BC Parks has ended fossil collecting by members of the public due to:

  1. concerns over visitor safety as falling rocks from the shale cliff face may endanger visitors collecting fossils;
  2. the loss of the palaeontological resource (also, fossil removal contravenes the Park Act);
  3. as well as concerns that soil and rocks dislodged during fossil collecting will contribute to sediment in Driftwood Creek, potentially impacting downstream fish spawning habitat.

In 2010 the interpretive trail was redeveloped by BC Parks, in partnership with the Bulkley Valley Naturalists, and the Smithers Rotary Club and funded by the Canadian Federal Government, BC Parks, the Wetzin’kwa Community Forest, and the National Trails Coalition.[3] A new bridge over Driftwood Creek was built, a new wheel-chair accessible trail constructed, and new signage put in place. The new interpretive signs explain both the cultural heritage of the area, including Wet'suwet'en First Nation fishing and other cultural practices in the area, both traditional and present day, as well as the sub-boreal spruce forest of the area and the significance of the fossil resource. At the public fossil site at the trail terminus, signs describe some of the research findings of the site based on supplied testimony from palaeontologists active at the site, and feature photos of some of the important fossils discovered there.

  • Bridge over Driftwood Creek at the start of the interpretive trail.
  • Interpretive sign on Driftwood Canyon trail.

Palaeontology

Paleontological and geological studies of similar deposits to Driftwood Canyon occurring to the east and further south in the interior of British Columbia go back to work carried out by George Mercer Dawson and John William Dawson in the 1870s to 1890s as part of the survey of British Columbia for the Geological Survey of Canada,[4] and D.P. Penhallow's work on Cenozoic Era plants.[5][6] Fossil fish from Driftwood Canyon in the Canadian Museum of Nature include specimens collected in the 1930s;[7] however, the Driftwood Canyon (also known as Driftwood Creek beds) fossils have only been studied since the 1950s.[8][9][10][11][12] The Driftwood Canyon fossil beds are best known for the abundant and well-preserved insect and fish fossils (Amia, Amyzon, and Eosalmo).[13] The insects are particularly diverse and well preserved, and include water striders (Gerridae), aphids (Aphididae), leaf hoppers (Cicadellidae), green lacewings (Neuroptera), spittle bugs (Cercopidae), march flies (Bibionidae), scorpionflies (Mecoptera), fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae), snout beetles (Curculionidae), and ichneumon wasps.[8][14][15][16] A fossil species of green lacewing (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) was recently named Pseudochrysopa harveyi to honour the founder of the park, Gordon Harvey.[17] Fossil feathers are sometimes found and rare rodent bones are sometimes found in fish coprolites. Most recently, fossil palm beetles (Bruchidae) were described from the beds, confirming the presence of palms (Arecaceae) in the local environment in the early Eocene.[18]

Fossils of plant remains are rare, but include up to 29 genera of plants.[1] The most common plant fossils found are leafy shoots of the dawn redwood, Metasequoia, and the floating fern Azolla primaeva as mats of plants or as isolated fossils.[9] Leaves of alder (Alnus sp.) are also found, as well as the leaves or needles and seeds of pines (Pinus sp.), the golden larch (Pseudolarix sp.), cedars (Chamaecyparis and/or Thuja spp.), redwood (Sequoia sp.), and rare Ginkgo and sassafras (Sassafras hesperia) leaves. A permineralized pine cone (Pinus driftwoodensis) and associated 2-needle foliage was described from the site in the 1980s.[19] Rare flowers and the seeds of flowering plants have been collected, including Ulmus, Florissantia, and Dipteronia, a genus of trees related to maples (Acer. spp.) that today grows in eastern Asia.[20]

Initial attempts at radiometric dating of the Driftwood Creek beds were unsuccessful,[21] however a volcanic ash exposed in the lake shale beds was radiometrically dated at 51.77 ± 0.34 million years ago.[22]

Bird feathers are infrequently collected from the shales; however, 2 bird body fossils have been found. In 1968 a bird body fossil was collected by Pat Petley of Kamloops and donated in 2000 to the Thompson Rivers University (TRU) paleontology collections and is tentatively identified as a puffbird (Piciformes: Bucconidae) of the genus Primobucco?.[1] Eocene epoch species of Primobucco from the Green River Formation in Wyoming and from the Messel fossil site in Germany have been reclassified as rollers (Coraciiformes: Coracii),[23] however the Driftwood specimen has never been thoroughly studied and is on display at Thompson Rivers University. A fossil bird complete with feathers collected from Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park in 1970 by German visitors Margret and Albrecht Klöckner, was repatriated to British Columbia and donated to the Royal British Columbia Museum/Victoria some 38 years later. This second bird fossil is of a long-legged water bird, and has been tentatively identified by Dr. Gareth Dyke of the University of Southampton as possibly from the order Charadriiformes,[24] a group that includes gulls, plovers, snipes, and waders.

In 2014 two fossil mammal jaws were reported from the Park, identifying an early tapir relative (cf. Heptodon) and hedgehog relative named Sivacola acares (which means small forest dweller), the first Eocene North American records of these animals outside of Ellesmere Island in the Canadian Arctic or Colorado and Wyoming.[25]

Small collections of fossils are housed in the Bulkley Valley Museum in Smithers and by the BC Parks office in Smithers, the Royal BC Museum in Victoria BC, the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM), Canadian Museum of Nature (CMN), the Burke Museum of Natural History & Culture in Seattle WA, and university collections. Significant collections of fossils from Driftwood Canyon are in private ownership.[1]

The cessation of fossil collecting at Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park is consistent with British Columbia's new Fossil Management Framework[26] which seeks to:

  • clarify the rules governing the management and use of fossils;
  • manage impacts on fossils from other activities;
  • provide for the stewardship of significant fossil sites;
  • raise internal and external awareness of the framework and the importance of fossils;
  • build knowledge of the nature and extent of the resource in BC; and
  • clarify the rights and obligations of the public, business, government and other stakeholders.
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See also

References
  1. Ludvigsen, R. 2001. The fossils at Driftwood Canyon provincial park: A management plan for BC Parks. Denman Institute for Research on Trilobites, 339 Denman Road, Denman Island, BC V0R 1T0 http://www.bvcentre.ca/files/External/FossilMgmtPlan-Ludvigsen2001.pdf (accessed July 14, 2011)
  2. Approved Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park Management Direction Statement http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks/planning/mgmtplns/drift_canyon/driftwood.pdf (accessed July 14, 2011)
  3. National Trails Coalition, news and events http://www.ntc-canada.ca/news.php (accessed July 15, 2011)
  4. Dawson, J.W., 1883, On the Cretaceous and Tertiary floras of British Columbia and the Northwest Territories: Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, v. I (Section IV), p. 15-34.
  5. Penhallow, D.P., 1908, A report on Tertiary plants of British Columbia, collected by Lawrence M. Lambe in 1906 together with a discussion of previously recorded Tertiary floras: Canada Department of Mines, Geological Survey Branch, Report 1013, pp. 1-167.
  6. Greenwood, D.R.; Pigg, K.B.; Basinger, J.F.; DeVore, M.L. (2016). "A review of paleobotanical studies of the Early Eocene Okanagan (Okanogan) Highlands floras of British Columbia, Canada and Washington, USA". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 53 (6): 548–564. doi:10.1139/cjes-2015-0177. hdl:1807/71961.
  7. Wilson, M.V.H. 2009. McAbee Fossil Site Assessment Report. Online PDF. 60 pp. Accessed January 4, 2014.
  8. Rice, H.M.A. (1959). "Fossil Bibionidae (Diptera) from British Columbia". Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin. 55: 1–47.
  9. Hills, L.V.; Gopal, B. (1967). "Azolla primaeva and its phylogenetic significance". Canadian Journal of Botany. 45 (8): 1179–1191. doi:10.1139/b67-126.
  10. Rouse, G.E.; Hopkins Jr, W.S.; Piel, K.M. (1970). "Palynology of Some Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary Deposits in British Columbia and Adjacent Alberta". GSA Special Papers. 127: 213–246.
  11. Archibald, S.B.; Greenwood, D.R. (2005). "Fossil biotas from the Okanagan Highlands, southern British Columbia and northeastern Washington State: climates and ecosystems across an Eocene landscape". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 42: 167–185. doi:10.1139/e05-012.
  12. Archibald, S.B.; Greenwood, D.R.; Smith, R.Y.; Mathewes, R.W.; Basinger, J.F. (2012). "Great Canadian Lagerstätten 1. Early Eocene Lagerstätten of the Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia and Washington State)". Geoscience Canada. 38 (4): 155–164.
  13. Wilson, M.V.H. 1977. Middle Eocene freshwater fishes from British Columbia. Life Sciences Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum, No. 113, p. 1-61.
  14. Wilson, M.V.H. (1977). "New records of insect families from the freshwater Middle Eocene of British Columbia". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 14 (5): 1139–1155. doi:10.1139/e77-104.
  15. Andersen, N.M.; Spence, J.R.; Wilson, M.V.H. (1993). "50 million years of structural stasis in water striders (Hemiptera: Gerridae)". American Entomologist. 39 (3): 174–176. doi:10.1093/ae/39.3.174.
  16. Douglas, S.D.; Stockey, R.A. (1996). "Insect fossils in Middle Eocene deposits from British Columbia and Washington State: faunal diversity and geological range extensions". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 74 (6): 1140–1157. doi:10.1139/z96-126.
  17. Makarkin, Vladimir N.; Archibald, S. Bruce (2013). "A diverse new assemblage of green lacewings (Insecta, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) from the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands, western North America". Journal of Paleontology. 87: 123–146. doi:10.1666/12-052R.1.
  18. Archibald, S.B.; Morse, G.; Greenwood, D.R.; Mathewes, R.W. (2014). "Fossil palm beetles refine upland winter temperatures in the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (22): 8095–8100. doi:10.1073/pnas.1323269111. PMC 4050627. PMID 24821798.
  19. Stockey, R.A. 1983. Pinus driftwoodensis sp. n. from the early Tertiary of British Columbia. Botanical Gazette' 144, p. 148-156.
  20. McClain, A.M.; Manchester, S.R. (2001). "Dipteronia (Sapindaceae) from the Tertiary of North America and implications for the phytogeographic history of the Aceroideae". American Journal of Botany. 88 (7): 1316–1325. doi:10.2307/3558343. JSTOR 3558343. PMID 11454632.
  21. Hills, L.V.; Baadsgaard, H. (1967). "Potassium-argon dating of some Lower Tertiary strata in British Columbia". Canadian Petroleum Geologists Bulletin. 15: 138–149.
  22. Moss, P.T.; Greenwood, D.R.; Archibald, S.B. (2005). "Regional and local vegetation community dynamics of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia - Washington State) from palynology". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 42 (2): 187–204. doi:10.1139/E04-095.
  23. Ksepka, D.T.; Clarke, J.A. (2010). "Primobucco mcgrewi (Aves: Coracii) from the Eocene Green River Formation: New Anatomical Data from the Earliest Constrained Record of Stem Rollers". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (1): 215–225. doi:10.1080/02724630903412414.
  24. Information panel, public viewing area, Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park interpretive trail.
  25. Eberle, J.J.; Rybczynski, N.; Greenwood, D.R. (2014). "Early Eocene mammals from the Driftwood Creek beds, Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park, northern British Columbia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (4): 739–746. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.838175.
  26. Fossil Management Framework. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-06-10. Retrieved 2012-06-20.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) (accessed June 20, 2012)

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