Dongzhi Festival

The Dōngzhì Festival or Winter Solstice Festival (Chinese: 冬至; pinyin: Dōngzhì; lit.: 'the extreme of winter') is one of the most important Chinese and East Asian festivals celebrated by the Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans during the Dongzhi solar term (winter solstice) on or around December 22 (according to East Asia time).[1][2]

Dongzhi Festival
Tangyuan, a traditional Dongzhi Festival food
Official nameDongzhi (冬至)
Also calledTang-cheh (冬節)
Tōji (冬至)
Dongji (동지)
Tunji (とぅんじ・冬至)
Observed byChinese, Japanese, Koreans, Ryukyuans
TypeCultural
SignificanceMarks the winter solstice
Observancesmaking and eating of tangyuan, ancestor worship
DateWinter solstice (between December 21 and December 23)
Frequencyannual
Related toWinter solstice
Dongzhi Festival
Chinese name
Chinese冬至
Literal meaningwinter's extreme
(i.e. winter solstice)
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese冬節
Simplified Chinese冬节
Literal meaningwinter festival
Korean name
Hangul동지
Hanja冬至
Japanese name
Kanji冬至
Hiraganaとうじ
Dongzhi Festival dumplings

The origins of this festival can be traced back to the yin and yang philosophy of balance and harmony in the cosmos.[3] After this celebration, there will be days with longer daylight hours and therefore an increase in positive energy flowing in. The philosophical significance of this is symbolized by the I Ching hexagram fù (Chinese: 復, "Returning").

Traditional activities

Traditionally, the Dongzhi Festival is also a time for the family to get together. One activity that occurs during these get-togethers (especially in the southern parts of China and in Chinese communities overseas) is the making and eating of tangyuan (湯圓) or balls of glutinous rice, which symbolize reunion.[4] Tangyuan are made of glutinous rice flour and are sometimes brightly colored. Each family member receives at least one large tangyuan in addition to several small ones. The flour balls are occasionally pink or green. They are cooked in a sweet soup or savory broth with both the ball and the soup/broth served in one bowl. It is also often served with a mildly alcoholic unfiltered rice wine containing whole grains of glutinous rice (and often also Sweet Osmanthus flowers), called jiuniang.[5]

In northern China, people typically eat dumplings on Dongzhi. It is said to have originated from Zhang Zhongjing in the Han Dynasty. On one cold winter day, he saw the poor suffering from chilblains on their ears. Feeling sympathetic, he ordered his apprentices to make dumplings with lamb and other ingredients, and distribute them among the poor to keep them warm, to keep their ears from getting chilblains. Since the dumplings were shaped like ears, Zhang named the dish "qùhán jiāoěr tāng" (祛寒嬌耳湯) or dumpling soup that expels the cold. From that time on, it has been a tradition to eat dumplings on the day of Dongzhi.

In southern China, people eat rice cake (Chinese: 冬至團; pinyin: dōngzhìtuán), which means reunion. It is not only eaten by the family, but also shared with friends and relatives as a blessing. Mutton soup, rice cake and red bean sticky rice are also popular in South

Old traditions also require people with the same surname or from the same clan to gather at their ancestral temples to worship on this day. There is always a grand reunion dinner following the sacrificial ceremony.

The festive food is also a reminder that celebrators are now a year older and should behave better in the coming year. Even today, many Chinese around the world, especially the elderly, still insist that one is "a year older" right after the Dongzhi celebration instead of waiting for the lunar new year.

In Taiwan

To Taiwanese people, the festival in winter also plays a very important role. It is also a tradition for Taiwanese to eat tangyuan on this day. They also use the festive food as an offering dish to worship the ancestors.

In an interesting twist, in accordance with ancient Taiwanese history, many people take some of the tangyuan that have been used as offerings and stick them on the back of the door or on windows and tables and chairs. These "empowered" tangyuan supposedly serve as protective talismans to keep evil spirits from coming close to children.

In addition to following some of the customs practiced on mainland China, the people of Taiwan have their own unique custom of offering nine-layer cakes as a ceremonial sacrifice to worship their ancestors. These cakes are made using glutinous rice flour in the shape of a chicken, duck, tortoise, pig, cow, or sheep, and then steamed in different layers of a pot. These animals all signify auspiciousness in Chinese tradition.

Another interesting custom in Taiwan is that many people take invigorating tonic foods during this particular winter festival. To the Taiwanese, winter is a time when most physical activities should be limited and you should eat well to nourish your body. This practice follows the habits shown by many animals which follow the law of nature and hibernate throughout winter months to rejuvenate and to preserve life. In order to fight cold temperatures, it is necessary to eat more fatty and meaty foods during winter when your body can better absorb the rich and nutritional foods at this time due to a slower metabolic rate.

Since Dongzhi is the "Extreme of Winter", Taiwanese regard it as the best time of the year to take tonic foods. Some of the most widely popular winter tonic foods enjoyed by Taiwanese to fight cold and strengthen the body's resistance are mutton hot pot and ginger duck hot pot. Other foods like chicken, pork, and abalone are also common materials used in making tonic foods with nurturing herbs such as ginseng, deer horn, and the fungus cordyceps.[6]

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See also

References
  1. http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Festivals/78308.htm
  2. Aksjeselskap, Time and Date (2016). "Dōngzhì Festival in Taiwan". timeanddate.com. Time and Date AS.
  3. Linda Sigurðardóttir, Dongzhi-Celebrating the Winter Solstice, GBTimes (Dec. 21, 2012) https://gbtimes.com/dongzhi-festival-celebrates-winter-solstice
  4. Linda Sigurðardóttir, Dongzhi-Celebrating the Winter Solstice, GBTimes (Dec. 21, 2012) https://gbtimes.com/dongzhi-festival-celebrates-winter-solstice
  5. Schrandt, Lydia (2013-01-28). "Dōngzhì Festival or Winter Solstice Festival". China Things to Do. Viator.
  6. Yeh, Joseph (December 23, 2008). "Winter Solstice". Taiwan Culture Portal. Archived from the original on August 26, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
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