Directorate-General of Customs and Indirect Taxes
The Directorate-General of Customs and Indirect Taxes (French: Direction générale des douanes et droits indirects, DGDDI), commonly known as les douanes, is a French law enforcement agency responsible for levying indirect taxes, preventing smuggling, surveilling borders and investigating counterfeit money. The agency acts as a coast guard, border guard, sea rescue organisation, and customs service.[1] In addition, since 1995, the agency has replaced the Border Police in carrying out immigration control at smaller border checkpoints, in particular at maritime borders and regional airports.[2][3]
| French Customs Direction Générale des Douanes et Droits Indirects | |
|---|---|
 French Customs logo | |
| Common name | la douane |
| Agency overview | |
| Formed | 1791 |
| Jurisdictional structure | |
| Operations jurisdiction | France |
| Specialist jurisdiction | |
| Operational structure | |
| Headquarters | 11, Rue des Deux Communes, Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis |
| Elected officer responsible |
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| Parent agency | Ministry of the Economy, Industry and Employment Minister for the Budget, Public Accounts and the Civil Service |
| Website | |
| www | |
The Directorate-general is controlled by the Minister for the Budget, Public Accounts and the Civil Service (French: Ministère du Budget, des Comptes publics et de la Fonction publique) at the Ministry of the Economy, Industry and Employment. It is normally known simply as "la douane", individual officers being referred to as "douaniers". Officers are routinely armed.[4]
History
The first French customs service was called the Ferme générale ("General Farm") and operated under the monarchy. The ferme générale was a private company which bought each year the right to collect taxes. After the Revolution, the General Farm was dismantled and the French Customs, as a State service were created. Shortly after the instauration of Empire, the Customs gained a military status. Some personnels were affected in bureaux (port or office-based staff who were tasked to apply customs measures to the goods entering and leaving France), others in brigades (mobile detachments organized and equipped to patrol the borders and arrest smugglers).
During French wars, notably the Franco-Prussian War and the First World War.[5] the brigades were used to form marksmen units and to track enemy units trying to infiltrate French lines. During WW1, due to their knowledge of the areas and their experience in human tracking, they were part of Corps Francs (small units which were tasked to operate behind German lines to collect intelligence and perform sabotages on enemy targets). The red stripe on their uniforms is a remaining of the decoration of one of their officers, Capitaine Cutsaert during the Napoleonic wars
The military customs service fought in the early part of the Second World War but was disbanded on June 22, 1940 after the French defeat and was never reconstituted as a military service.The most plausible reason was the downsizing of the French Military due to the 1940 armistice[5] Nonetheless small units of customs men from customs posts in French Indochina fought against the Japanese as guerilla units until the end of the war.[5]
The Musée national des douanes located in Bordeaux, France, presents the history of French customs.[6]
Jurisdiction
France has land borders with other members of the European Union Customs Union Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Italy, Monaco and Spain. European Union laws prohibit systematic customs checks at any border between two members of its Customs Union. So, there is permanent customs facility at the borders with these countries. However, France has borders with non members of this Union : Switzerland, Andorra, Brazil and Surinam.[7] At these borders are located customs facilities. Moreover, there are many facilities inland. French Customs are allowed to search vehicles, merchandises and individuals anywhere France according to the French Customs Code, article 60.
French Customs, in addition to their main missions, are also tasked to perform immigration controls at the following airports and ports at the external border of the Schengen Area:
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Airports
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Maritime ports |
Railway stations
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The French customs service carries out customs checks only at the following airports, ports and stations at the external border of the Schengen Area:
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Airports
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Maritime ports |
Railway stations
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Organisation
The customs headquarters is in Montreuil (Paris). The agency consists of one national headquarter (Cabinet of the General Director, six sub-directorates and supporting services), national departments and local directorates :[8]
Administration centrale, national headquarters
- Sub-directorates (A : Human Resources, B : Budget, C : IT, D : Legal affairs, E : International Trade, F : Indirect Taxation)
- Département des statistiques et des études économiques, Statistics and Economic studies department ;
- Inspection des services (IS), internal auditing ;
- Bureau de l'information et de la communication (BIC), Office of Information and Communication ;
- DRI, Delegation for International Relations ;
- CCG, Management Control Unit ;
- General Director’s Office – General Affairs ;
Services à Compétence Nationale, national departments
- Direction nationale garde-côtes des douanes (DNGCD) based in Le Havre, under the supervision of the Sub-directorate Réseau. It is composed of three coast guard services (services garde-côtes des douanes), in Nantes - covering the Atlantic and English Channel region, Marseille for the Mediterranean sea, and Fort-de-France for the Antilles and French Guyane seas ;
- Direction nationale du recrutement et de la formation professionnelle (DNRFP) based in Tourcoing, under the supervision of the Sub-directorate A. It is composed of the two training facilities, in Tourcoing and La Rochelle ;
- Direction nationale du renseignement et des enquêtes douanières (DNRED), which acts both as an intelligence agency and as a very serious investigations services with headquarters in Ivry, near Paris (formerly Vincennes) and substations all across France ;
- Direction nationale des statistiques et du commerce extérieur (DNSCE), formerly a statistical service, currently a datacenter and IT engineering agency, based in Toulouse, under the supervision of the Sub-directorate C ;
- Centre informatique douanier (CID), a datacenter and IT engineering agency based in Osny, under the supervision of the Sub-directorate C ;
- Service national de la douane judiciaire (SNDJ), a judicial investigative service based in Ivry in the same building as the DNRED. Like the DNRED it has substations in France but not always in the same cities.
- Service commun des laboratoires (SCL), providing scientific support and legal analysis in laboratories. This service depends both of the French Customs and the Direction Générale de la Concurrence, de la Consommation et de la Répression des Fraudes ;
- Unité d'Informations Passagers – Passenger Name Record (UIP-PNR), Passenger's Information Unit, the French part of the PNR , a joint unit (with the National Police ;
- Musée National des Douanes (MND), the Museum ;
- Service d'Analyses de Risques et de Ciblages (SARC) which uses big-data to produce risk analysis to help local services to better detect frauds, under the supervision of the Sub-directorate D ;
Decentralised Services[9]
France is divided into 12 Directions inter-régionales (Inter-region Directorates). These 12 are divided into Directions régionales (Region Directorates).
- 42 are inland directorate, which typically consists of:
- Managerial, training and logistic services ;
- Customs Bureaux: dealing with commerce ;
- Customs Brigades: Squads dealing with surveillance ;
- Two regional units, the Service Régional d'Enquêtes (SRE) Regional Service of (serious frauds) Investigations, Service Régional d'Audits (SRA) Regional Service of audits (before giving them a "trustee" status) ;
- A wines unit ;
Legal Framework
Unlike French Police and French Gendarmerie, most customs officers do not gain their powers from the Code de Procédure Pénale (Code Of Criminal Procedure) but from the Code des Douanes National (National Customs Code).[10] They can :
- search vehicles of any kind, merchandises, people, artificial islands, installations and constructions of the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone, commercial buildings and habitations ;
- perform drug tests on individuals ;
- order a driver to stop, and if he does not comply use all necessary means to immobilize him ;
- divert a ship to a French port ;
- seize documents and merchandises ;
- consult files of many administrations and nearly all companies which move goods or accomplish customs operations ;
- open boxes send by postal service or express fret companies ;
- perform identity checks, infiltrate criminal organizations
- investigate both nationally and internationally with foreign customs ;
- requisition qualified people ;
- take samples ;
Some of these operations require prior approval by a magistrate.
However, the personnels of the SNDJ, nicknamed Officiers de Douane Judiciaire (ODJ), can not use these powers. They gained their powers from the Code of Criminal Procedure[11]
Personnel
Category A (inspecteur des douanes ) is recruited from holders of a bachelor's degree; category B is recruited from holders of a high school diploma giving access to university studies; category C from holders of a vocational high school diploma.
| # | Grades [12][13][14] |
Personnel category | Land based [15][16] |
Sea and air[15][16] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Administrateur genéral des douanes Administrateur supérieur Administrateur | A |  | |
| 2 | Directeur principal des services douaniers Directeur des services douaniers 1ère classe Directeur des services douaniers 2nde classe | A |  |  |
| 3 | Inspecteur principal 1ère classe Inspecteur principal 2nde classe | A |  |  |
| 4 | Inspecteur régional de 1ère classe Inspecteur régional de 2nde classe Inspecteur régional de 3ème classe | A | | |
| 5 | Inspecteur | A |  |  |
| 6 | Contrôleur principal | B |  |  |
| 7 | Contrôleur de 1ère classe | B |  |  |
| 8 | Contrôleur de 2nde classe | B |  |  |
| 9 | Agent de constatation principal de 1ère classe | C |  |  |
| 10 | Agent de constatation principal de 2nde classe | C | | |
| 11 | Agent de constatation | C |  |  |
In 2017, the ranks of Agent de constatation principal de 2nde classe and Agent de constatation de 1ère classe were merged and the rank of Agent de constatation de 2nde classe were renamed Agent de constatation. Before the Agents de constatation de 1ère class wore the same insignia than the Agent de constatation de 2nde classe except they had 3 chevrons.
Armament and equipment
Air
In 2010 the aircraft fleet consisted of Reims-Cessna F406 maritime patrol aircraft; and Eurocopter EC-135 and Aérospatiale AS355 helicopters. Two Reims-Cessna F406s operated out of Martinique and the rest were based in metropolitan France.
From 2012 onwards eight Beechcraft King Air 350s replaced the F406s.[17]
Maritime
In 2010 the customs had 3 offshore patrol boats, 18 coastal patrol boats, 18 surveillance patrol boats and 5 speed boats. The boats are assigned as follows:
- North sea/Channel:
- 1 Offshore Patrol Boat
- 2 Coastal Patrol Boat
- 1 Surveillance Patrol Boat
- 2 speed boats
- Atlantic
- 1 Offshore Patrol Boat
- 4 Coastal Patrol Boat
- 3 Surveillance Patrol Boat
- 2 speed boats
- Mediterranean
- 1 Offshore Patrol Boat
- 8 Coastal Patrol Boat
- 8 Surveillance Patrol Boat
- Antilles/South America
- 4 Coastal Patrol Boat
- 5 Surveillance Patrol Boat
- Polynesia
- 1 Offshore Patrol Boat
- 1 Speed boat
Ground forces
As of 2008 the Customs service had 3255 vehicles (including 355 motorbikes).
Small Arms
Customs Agents are now armed with the 9 mm SIG Sauer SP 2022 pistols as the standard issued sidearm, a French custom-tailored variant of the SIG Sauer Pro. The pistol was ordered to replace the several revolvers in service.
References
- Missions of the DGDDI
- "Center for the Study of Democracy: Study to identify best practices on the cooperation between border guards and customs administrations working at the external borders of the EU" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
- "Circuler en sécurité en Europe : renforcer Schengen" (in French). Senate (France). 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2020-04-18.
la PAF a-t-elle vocation à se voir attribuer les PPF au « trafic permanent significatif en provenance de pays sources d'immigration ou qui possèdent une importance justifiant une présence policière et douanière permanente »
- p Site internet de la Douane: Son organisation Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine
- source: Site de la Douane: L'Histoire de la douane History of the French Customs
- Marylène Iapichino (3 August 2015). "Visite surprise (1) : 900 ans d'histoire au Musée des douanes".
- source: Status of the European Countriess
- Presentation of the French Customs
- (in French) Territorial organization
- (in French) French Customs Code, article 60 to 67 quinquies A
- (in French) Code of Criminal Procedure article 28-1
- Category A: "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-05-25. Retrieved 2010-04-15.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) 2010-04-15
- Category B: "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-10-04. Retrieved 2010-04-15.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) 2010-04-15
- Category C:http://www.carrieres-publiques.com/PAR_TPL_IDENTIFIANT/34/TPL_CODE/TPL_FIC_METIER_FICHE/PAG_TITLE/Agent+de+constatation+des+douanes+et+droits+indirects/2241-fiche-concours.htm 2010-04-15
- http://www.sappol.com/douane-c-121.html Archived 2011-02-25 at the Wayback Machine 2011-03-15
- http://www.phaleristique.net/insignes-militaires/viewtopic.php?f=13&t=1020%5B%5D 2011-07-09
- Surveillance maritime : La Douane va acquérir 8 nouveaux avions, Mer et Marine, 14 juin 2010
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