Devil's Lair

Devil's Lair is a single-chamber cave with a floor area of around 200 m² (2,200 sq ft) that formed in a Quaternary dune limestone of the Leeuwin–Naturaliste Ridge, 5 km (3.1 mi) from the modern coastline of Western Australia. The stratigraphic sequence in the cave floor deposit consists of 660 cm (260 in) of sandy sediments, with more than 100 distinct layers, intercalated with flowstone and other indurated deposits. Excavations have been made in several areas of the cave floor. Since 1973, excavations have been concentrated in the middle (approximately on a north-west, south-east axis) of the cave, where 10 trenches have been dug. Archaeological evidence for intermittent human occupation extends down about 350 cm (140 in) to layer 30, with hearths, bone, and stone artefacts found throughout. The site provides evidence of human habitation of Southwest Australia 50,000 years before the present day.

This article is about the cave in Western Australia. For the winery, see Devil's Lair (wine). For other uses, see Devil's Cave (disambiguation).

Devil's Lair
Location	Leeuwin-Naturaliste National Park, Western Australia
Coordinates	34°4′3.3″S 115°6′23.5″E
Geology	Karst cave
Registry	6WI-61[1]

Excavations

Devil's Lair has been the subject of scientific research since the 1970s by palaeontologists and archaeologists.[2] Excavations have recovered stone artefacts, numerous animal bone remains, hearths, bone artefacts and human skeletal remains.[3][4]

Preservation of cultural materials has been very good and a long, well dated cultural sequence has been documented. The diversity and productiveness of the evidence from Devil's Lair make it unusually valuable as a source of information on cultural and natural history in the extreme southwest of Australia since the first colonisation of the continent.[5][6]

The site is named for the remains of the locally extinct Sarcophilus harrisii uncovered there, their own bones and those of the animals they had fractured when consuming them at the site; the species was known by the remaining population that is referred to as the Tasmanian devil. The earliest palaeontological examination at the site was undertaken by E. L. Lundelius in 1955, then an American Fulbright scholar researching mammalian Pleistocene fauna in Western Australia. A review of tooth specimens of kangaroo species collected at the site discovered a human tooth was included and the archaeological significance of Devil's Lair prompted intense interest in that field.[7]

Archaeological significance

Devil's Lair is important as one of the earliest sites of human occupation in Australia, a site with very early human ornaments and an unusually rich source of information for prehistoric cultural and natural history in the southwest of Western Australia.[8][9]

Dating

Several different techniques of dating have been used at Devil's Lair to show that human occupation began at around 48,000 years. This makes it rank among the earliest sites in Australia and so an important source of information about the timing and character of the first human colonizers of Australia.[10]

Excavations at Devil's Lair have yielded early human ornaments in the form of three ground bone beads dating to 19,000–12,700 years BP. These beads were made from the limb-bones of macropods and were manufactured by cutting the bone shafts into short segments and grinding them smooth on abrasive stone. A deliberately perforated but otherwise unmodified stone object with wear patterns suggestive of its use as a pendant dated to 14,000 year BP has also been recovered from Devil's Lair.[11]

These artefacts are some of the earliest evidence of symbolic behaviour in Australia and are internationally significant for understanding the timing and character of the emergence of symbolic capacities in humans.

References

1. "Australian Karst Index Database". Australian Speleological Federation. 2007. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
2. Balme, J., D. Merrilees and J. K. Porter (1978). "Late Quaternary mammal remains spanning about 30,000 years from excavations in Devil's Lair, Western Australia". Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 60 (2):33-65.
3. Balme, Jane, "An analysis of charred bone from Devil's Lair, Western Australia", Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania, 15 (2): 81–85, ISSN 0728-4896
4. Balme, Jane (March 1980), "Some archaeological studies on a bone accumulation from Devil's Lair, Western Australia", Newsletter (Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies) (13): 49–51, retrieved 22 October 2016
5. Dortch, C. (1979). "Devil's Lair, an Example of Prolonged Cave Use in South-Western Australia". World Archaeology 10(3):258-279.
6. Dortch, C. E. (Charles E.); Western Australian Museum (1976), Devils lair : a search for ancient man in Western Australia, W.A. Museum Press, ISBN 978-0-7244-6198-1
7. Australian Heritage Council (2012). Australia's fossil heritage : a catalogue of important Australian fossil sites. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 111–116. ISBN 9780643101777.
8. Dortch, C. E. (16 July 1979). "33,000 Year Old Stone and Bone Artifacts from Devil's Lair, Western Australia" (PDF). Western Australian Museum Records and Supplements. 7 (4): 329–367. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
9. Balme, Jane, "Devils Lair: Occupation intensity and land-use", Australian Archaeology (79): 179–186, ISSN 0312-2417
10. Turney, C. S. M.; M. I. Bird; L. K. Fifield; R. G. Roberts; M. Smith; C. E. Dortch; R. Grun; E. Lawson; L. K. Ayliffe; G. H. Miller; J. Dortch & R.G. Cresswell (2001). "Early Human Occupation at Devil's Lair, Southwestern Australia 50,000 Years Ago". Quaternary Research. 55 (1): 3–13. Bibcode:2001QuRes..55....3T. doi:10.1006/qres.2000.2195.
11. • Bednarik, R. (1997). "Pleistocene stone pendant from Western Australia". Australian Archaeology 45:32-34.*Dortch, C. E. (Charles Eugene); Australia. Department of Aboriginal Affairs. Western Australian Office (1975), Archaeology : Devils Lair, retrieved 22 October 2016