Detroit–Windsor Tunnel


The Detroit–Windsor Tunnel (French: Tunnel de Détroit-Windsor), also known as the Detroit-Canada Tunnel, or D&C Tunnel,[1] is an international highway tunnel connecting the cities of Detroit, Michigan, United States and Windsor, Ontario, Canada. It is the second-busiest crossing between the United States and Canada, the first being the Ambassador Bridge, which also connects the two cities.

This article is about the highway tunnel. For the railroad tunnel, see Michigan Central Railway Tunnel.
Detroit–Windsor Tunnel
Overview
StatusOpen (Essential travel only)
CrossesDetroit River
StartDetroit, Michigan
EndWindsor, Ontario
Operation
Work begun1928
OpenedNovember 3, 1930 (November 3, 1930)
OwnerCities of Detroit and Windsor
OperatorDetroit-Windsor Tunnel Company, LLC (Detroit Plaza) & Windsor Detroit Borderlink Limited (Windsor Plaza)
TrafficAutomotive
TollUS$4.50/C$4.75 (autos travelling into US) US$5.00/C$6.25 (autos travelling into Canada)
Vehicles per day12,000
Technical
Design engineerParsons, Klapp, Brinckerhoff & Douglas
Length5,160 feet (1,570 m)
No. of lanes2
Tunnel clearance12 feet 8 inches (3.86 m)
Width22 feet (6.7 m)
Depth of tunnel below water level45 feet

History

Construction

The Detroit–Windsor Tunnel was built by the firm Parsons, Klapp, Brinckerhoff and Douglas (the same firm that built the Holland Tunnel).[2] The executive engineer was Burnside A. Value, the engineer of design was Norwegian-American engineer Søren Anton Thoresen, while fellow Norwegian-American Ole Singstad consulted, and designed the ventilation.[3][4]

The method used to construct the tunnel was immersed tube (sections of steel tube floated into place and sunk into a trench dug in the river bottom), as was done in the earlier Posey Tube. The tunnel sections have three main levels. The bottom level brings in fresh air under pressure, which is forced into the mid level, where the traffic lanes are located. The ventilation systems forces vehicle exhaust into the third level, which is then vented at each end of the tunnel. Total cost of construction was approximately $25 million (around $304 million in 2018 dollars[5]).[6]

The river section of the tunnel was connected to bored tunnels on both banks. The tubes were then covered over in the trench by 4 to 20 feet (1.2 to 6.1 m) of mud. Because the tunnel essentially sits on the river bottom, there is a wide no-anchor zone enforced on river traffic.

The tunnel is 120 feet (37 m) short of a mile at 5,160 feet (1,573 m). At its lowest point, the two-lane roadway is 75 feet (23 m) below the river surface.

Completion in 1930

The Detroit–Windsor Tunnel was completed in 1930. It was the third underwater vehicular tunnel constructed in the United States,[7] following the Holland Tunnel, between Jersey City, New Jersey, and downtown Manhattan, New York, and the Posey Tube, between Oakland and Alameda, California.

Its creation followed the opening of cross-border rail freight tunnels including the St. Clair Tunnel between Port Huron, Michigan, and Sarnia, Ontario, in 1891 and the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel between Detroit and Windsor in 1910.

The cities of Detroit and Windsor hold the distinction of jointly creating both the second and third tunnels between two nations in the world. The Detroit–Windsor Tunnel is the world's third tunnel between two nations, and the first international vehicle tunnel. The Michigan Central Railway Tunnel, also under the Detroit River, was the second tunnel between two nations. The St. Clair Tunnel, between Port Huron, Michigan, and Sarnia, Ontario, under the St. Clair River, was the first.

Ownership since 2007

In 2007, billionaire Manuel Moroun, owner of the nearby Ambassador Bridge, attempted to purchase the American side of the tunnel.[8] In 2008, the City of Windsor controversially attempted to purchase the American side for $75 million, but the deal fell through after a scandal involving then-Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick.[8][9]

Soon afterward, the city's finances were badly hit in a recession and the tunnel's future was in question. Following Detroit's July 2013 bankruptcy filing, Windsor Mayor Eddie Francis said that his city would consider purchasing Detroit's half of the tunnel if it was offered for sale.[10]

On July 25, 2013, the lessor, manager and operator of the tunnel, Detroit Windsor Tunnel LLC, and its parent company, American Roads, LLC, voluntarily filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York.[11] The American lease was eventually purchased by Syncora Guarantee, a Bermuda-based insurance company.[8] Soon afterward, the lease with Detroit was extended to 2040.[8] Both Syncora and Windsor retained the Windsor-Detroit Tunnel Corporation to manage the daily operations and upkeep of the tunnel.

A $21.6 million renovation of the tunnel began in October 2017 to replace the aging concrete ceiling, along with other improvements to the infrastructure, completion of the project was initially scheduled for June 2018[12] but has taken longer than anticipated, with a completion date now expected to be sometime in 2019.

Usage

The Detroit–Windsor Tunnel crosses the Canada–United States border; an International Boundary Commission plaque marking the boundary in the tunnel is between flags of the two countries.[13] The tunnel is the second-busiest crossing between the United States and Canada after the nearby Ambassador Bridge. A 2004 Border Transportation Partnership study showed that 150,000 jobs in the region and $13 billion (U.S.) in annual production depend on the Windsor-Detroit international border crossing.[14] Between 2001 and 2005, profits from the tunnel peaked, with the cities receiving over $6 million annually. A steep decline in traffic eliminated profits from the tunnel from 2008 until 2012, with a modest recovery in the years since.[8]

Traffic

About 13,000 vehicles a day use the tunnel despite having one lane in each direction and not allowing large trucks.[13] Historically, the tunnel carried a smaller amount of commercial traffic than other nearby crossings because of physical and cargo restraints, as well as limits on accessing roadways.[15] Passenger automobile traffic on the tunnel increased from 1972, until it peaked in 1999 at just under 10 million vehicle crossings annually.[15] After 1999, automobile crossings on tunnel declined, dropping under 5 million for the first time in over three decades in 2007.[15] Traffic on the tunnel later recovered slightly in the following years when the economy began to improve after 2008.[8]

Location of the three river crossings between Detroit and Windsor. The image shows the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel (right), the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel (center) and the Ambassador Bridge (left). Detroit is on the north bank of this stretch of river. To go from Detroit in the United States to Windsor in Canada, people passing through the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel travel south.

Tolls

Vehicles pay a fee to pass the tunnel. Motorcycles are prohibited from using the tunnel.

Features

Tunnel truck for disabled vehicles

When the tunnel first opened in the 1930s the operators had a unique rescue vehicle to tow out disabled vehicles without having to back in or turn around to perform this role. The vehicle had two drivers, one facing in the opposite direction of the other. The vehicle was driven in, the disabled vehicle was hooked up, then the driver facing the other way drove it out. This emergency vehicle also had 600 feet (180 m) of water hose with power drive and chemical fire extinguishers.[16]

CKLW, WJR and the tunnel

In the late 1960s, Windsor radio station CKLW AM 800 engineered a wiring setup which has allowed the station's signal to be heard clearly by automobiles traveling through the tunnel. Currently Detroit radio station WJR AM 760 can be heard clearly in the tunnel.

Ventilation

The upper and lower levels of the tunnel are used as exhaust and intake air ducts. One hundred-foot ventilation towers on both ends of the tunnel enable air exchange once every 90 seconds.[17]

  • Point of international crossing is marked
  • Entering from the Canadian side at Goyeau Street.
  • Entering from the US side at Jefferson Ave.
  • Transit Windsor's "Tunnel Bus" is a municipally operated bus that regularly crosses the border; it waits in Detroit as passengers go through U.S. Customs.
  • U.S. Customs and Border Protection Checkpoint
  • Detroit portal of the tunnel
gollark: You could buy tank insurance?
gollark: Well, driving tanks in the streets is entirely compatible with libertarianism.
gollark: By an entire 1.6 milliStalins.
gollark: My thing doesn't render it in 3D because that would be very hard.
gollark: We already have that. The cultural axis thing.

See also

References
  1. "The Detroit-Canada Tunnel | Windsor Public Library". www.windsorpubliclibrary.com. Windsor Public Library. Retrieved 2017-09-21.
  2. "Detroit & Canada Tunnel Company 1931". Scripophily. Archived from the original on 2008-06-03.
  3. Bjork, Kenneth (1947), Saga in Steel and Concrete: Norwegian Engineers in America, Norwegian-American Historical Association, pp. 191–202, archived from the original on June 3, 2008
  4. Scandinavian East Coast Museum, Genealogical Listings Archived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
  5. Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2019). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved April 6, 2019. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
  6. "A $25,000,000 Mile Tunnel" Popular Mechanics, December 1930, pp 889-890 detailed article with photos and drawings on construction
  7. Berlow, Lawrence (2015-04-22). Reference Guide to Famous Engineering Landmarks of the World: Bridges, Tunnels, Dams, Roads and Other Structures. Routledge. ISBN 9781135932619.
  8. Battagello, Dave (July 27, 2015). "City of Windsor moves to secure tunnel's long-term fate". The Windsor Star. Retrieved 2015-10-01.
  9. DetNews.com. Council overrides mayor's veto on Detroit-Windsor tunnel sale. July 29, 2008.
  10. Gallagher, John (July 19, 2013). "Windsor mayor: We would consider buying tunnel to Canada if it's sold in bankruptcy". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
  11. "American Roads, LLC - Owner/Lessor & Operator of Toll Roads in Alabama and the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel - Files for Bankruptcy - Chapter 11 Cases". Archived from the original on 2013-07-25. Retrieved 2013-07-25.
  12. Ramirez, Charles E. (26 October 2017). "First look at Detroit-Windsor Tunnel renovations". The Detroit News. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
  13. "Chapter 4: The Watery Boundary". United Divide: A Linear Portrait of the USA/Canada Border. The Center for Land Use Interpretation. Winter 2015.
  14. Detroit Regional Chamber (2006) Detroit/Windsor Border Update: Part I-Detroit River International Crossing Study Archived 2006-03-21 at the Wayback Machine
  15. "Detroit River International Crossing Project Forecast Refresh and Update" (PDF). February 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2015. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. "Tunnel Truck Has Two Front Ends." Popular Science, November 1930, p. 71, bottom of page.
  17. Duffy, Kaylie. "Today in Engineering History: Subaqueous Detroit-Windsor Tunnel Opens". Product Design & Development. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.

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