Cystourethrography

Cystourethrography
	Cystography image showing contrast in the urinary bladder and left ureter (right side of image).
ICD-9	87.77
OPS-301 code	3-13f

Cystourethrography is a radiographic, fluoroscopic medical procedure that is used to visualize and evaluate the female urethra.[1] Voiding and positive pressure cystourethrograms help to assess lower urinary tract trauma, reflux, suspected fistulas, and to diagnose urinary retention. Magnetic imaging (MRI) has been replacing this diagnostic tool due to its increased sensitivity.[2] This imaging technique is used to diagnose hydronephrosis, voiding anomalies, and urinary tract infections in children. abnormalities.[3]

Cysourethrography includes the voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) and positive pressure urethrogram (PPUG).

Complications

"These complications that can occur in both sexes include UTI, hematuria, cystitis as well as urinary dysfunction following a catheterization, phobia of urination, nocturia, and stopping urination. In the literature, psychological trauma resulting from VCUG was considered the same as from a violent rape, especially in girls."

gollark: Nothing in real-world-interacting science is "proven" such that it's definitely true forever and ever.

gollark: You can prove that "in some physics model, energy is conserved"; you can't *prove* "this is the physical model the universe obeys", only show it's really really unlikely that it does anything else in the situations you test.

gollark: Yes. Our models and physical theories are derived from reality. We do not create reality with our models.

gollark: Current physical evidence is overwhelmingly in favour of it being globey. That doesn't mean that we have *proven* it must be a globe.

gollark: ... no, it's shown that *in our physical models*, this is the case, and I think in some cases they just start from that as an assumption.

References

"cystourethrography" – via The Free Dictionary.
Hoffman, Barbara (2012). Williams gynecology. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 49–50. ISBN 9780071716727.
Fernbach, Sandra K.; Feinstein, Kate A.; Schmidt, Mary Beth (2000). "Pediatric Voiding Cystourethrography: A Pictorial Guide1". RadioGraphics. 20 (1): 155–168. doi:10.1148/radiographics.20.1.g00ja12155. ISSN 0271-5333.

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[1] "cystourethrography" – via The Free Dictionary.

[Hoffman2012-2] Hoffman, Barbara (2012). Williams gynecology. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 49–50. ISBN 9780071716727.

[FernbachFeinstein2000-3] Fernbach, Sandra K.; Feinstein, Kate A.; Schmidt, Mary Beth (2000). "Pediatric Voiding Cystourethrography: A Pictorial Guide1". RadioGraphics. 20 (1): 155–168. doi:10.1148/radiographics.20.1.g00ja12155. ISSN 0271-5333.