Crime in Saudi Arabia

In 2013, the number of crime cases reported by the Ministry of Justice was 22,113, a 102% increase over 2012.[1][2][3][4]

"Crime in Saudi Arabia is relatively low when compared to some developed nations, but may be increasing due to higher levels of foreign workers and higher levels of unemployment among Saudi residents."

— John Wilson, on the crime situation in Saudi Arabia, in the book International Security and the United States: An Encyclopedia[5]

A police vehicle in Saudi Arabia

Background

Reporting

According to the US State Department Overseas Security Advisory Council (OSAC) as of 2014, "U.S. citizens and Westerners continue to report incidents of crime, including robberies and attempted robberies." Cases of sexual assault are believed to be underreported "because victims are customarily blamed".[6] (For example, in 2009, a 23-year-old woman was sentenced to a year in prison and 100 lashes for adultery after being raped by five men. In 2007, a 19-year-old victim of rape by seven men receiving a sentence of six-months in jail and 200 lashes.[6])

History

While as late as the 1980s the kingdom boasted of being "practically crime-free," the crime rate among jobless youth grew by 320% from 1990 to 1996.[7] Convictions for drug possession rose from 4,279 in 1986 to 17,199 in 2001.[8] Credited with rising crime are a "population boom, rapid social change, and massive unemployment" leading to "a breakdown in traditional forms of social control and constraint.[9]

Types of crime

Theft

Petty theft is a problem especially in crowded areas.[2] The nation has strict laws prohibiting drug trafficking; drug trafficking is a capital crime. Despite strict laws, however, illicit trafficking takes place in considerable amounts through underground channels especially marijuana, cocaine and homegrown psychedelic drugs.[10] Saudi Arabia is a signatory to all three international conventions on drug control.[11] To curb money laundering, improved anti-money laundering laws have been enacted.[10] The country has implemented all the forty recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF) for combating money laundering and all eight recommendations of the FATF regarding terror financing. A Financial Intelligence Unit exists for the purpose of monitoring flows of funds.[12]

The most common crime in 2002 was theft, which accounted for 47% of total reported crime.[5]

Terrorism
Main article: Terrorism in Saudi Arabia

Threat of Islamic terrorism is a matter of concern.[13] Saudi Arabia has seen many terrorist attacks on its soil. In 1996, Khobar Towers bombing and a number people inside the building were killed. Various Iranian groups have also tried to wreck havoc in Saudi Arabia. During the 9/11 plane crashes, it was revealed that most of the terrorists were from Saudi Arabia. [14]From 2000 to 2004, when a number of expatriate workers were killed in car bombings, questions arose over the seriousness and sincerity of Saudi efforts to prevent or investigate attacks. Before May 2003, the only public statements of any investigation or prosecution of attacks were Saudi accusations against the (mainly British) western expatriates themselves. Saudis arrested and detained several, claiming they were 'alcohol traders' fighting a turf war over the illegal distribution of alcohol. According to author Thomas Hegghammer, "today, few outside Saudi Arabia believe that alcohol traders carried out the bombings", as the suspects were well-paid professionals with no prior record of violent crime, no forensic evidence was provided against them, and attacks of a very similar nature on western nationals continued despite the arrests of the alleged perpetrators.[15]

After 26 foreigners were killed in a May 2003 attack by three car bombs on foreign residential compounds in Riyadh, American intelligence sources quoted by the Daily Telegraph, stated the operation "depended on a significant level of `insider` knowledge of the compounds," and this and other evidence indicates that al-Qaeda has infiltrated even the elite National Guard, which was involved in compound security.[16] Bombers wore uniforms of security forces, in both the May 2003 compound bombing and another in November.[17]

In May 2004, militants took dozens of hostages attacking three buildings in the oil-industry town of Khobar over a 25-hour period killing 22 and injuring 25 —mainly foreign workers — killing one victim by tying him to the back of a vehicle and dragged through the street. Despite being surrounded by Saudi security, three of the four gunmen escaped.[18][19][20][21][22]

While attacks by militants have decreased dramatically since late 2004, there are continued reports of terrorist planning. The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) of the Government of Australia claimed they received reports that terrorists are masterminding attacks against assets belonging to the Government of Saudi Arabia, oil infrastructure, aviation infrastructure, embassies, hotels, shopping malls and many Western interests such as residential housing complexes, gatherings of foreign tourists for recreational or cultural activities etc.[2] The United States Department of State reported "There is an on-going security threat due to the continued presence of terrorist groups, some affiliated with al Qaida, who may target Western interests, housing compounds, and other facilities where Westerners congregate".[23] Terrorist attacks in the country targeted both native people and foreigners. DFAT further stated "Terrorist attacks could occur at any time, anywhere in Saudi Arabia, including in Riyadh, Khobar, and other major cities".[2]

The kingdom has taken successful efforts to rehabilitate terrorists. Saudi Arabia has the best terrorist rehabilitation program in the world. Their terrorist recidivism rate is about 3 to 4%. In order to have such a low terrorist recidivism rate, the Saudi Arabian’s well-designed strategies to counter the effects new terrorist recruits endure during indoctrination to a terrorist organization. The effects that Saudi Arabia terrorist rehabilitation program targets are as follows: authorization, isolation, training, and dehumanization. By knowing these steps, the rehabilitation programs reverse the effects of the terrorist authorization, isolation, dehumanization, and training to become successful in criminal rehabilitation. The rehabilitation programs help violent offenders positively reintegrate in the free society by supporting the creation of positive peer and familial relationships. These programs help to reconnect family with the offender or aid in the creation of a family.[24]

Murder

In 1988, the "reported" murder rate in Saudi Arabia was .011 per 100,000 population, sexual offenses were .059 per 100,000 population, and thefts were .005 per 100,000.[25] In 2002, a total of 599 crimes were reported in Saudi Arabia, or .06 crimes for every 100,000 people. By 2006 those numbers had gone down with murder at .010 per 100,000 population, sexual offenses at .046 per 100,000, and thefts offenses at .04 per 100,000.

In 2015, the UN office of drugs and crime reported the murder rate in Saudi Arabia to be 1.5 per 100,000, with 472 recorded offences.[26]

Sharia law

The Saudi legal system is based on Sharia or Islamic law and thus often prohibits many activities that are not crimes in other nations, such as alcohol or pork consumption, public displays of non-Islamic religious symbols or text, affection between opposite sex outside of marriage, "indecent" artwork or media images, sorcery, homosexuality, cross-dressing, and fornication or adultery. Although some Western countries and human rights advocates criticize the Saudi corrections system for the manner in which offenders are punished, in fact many such punishments originally come from Islam and are applied regardless of religion to anyone who commits crime. The article "Islamic Law Across Cultural Borders: The Involvement of Western Nationals in Saudi Murder Trials" by Esmaeili & Gans (2000),[27] discussed several important points regarding the three major types of punishments established under Sharia law. These three are "Hudud" (limit or boundary), "Qisas" "retaliation", and "Tazirat" "discretionary punishments" (Esmaeili & Gans, 2000, p. 153). These punishments "are fixed by the Quran and Sunnah and cannot be altered by any judicial authority" (Esmaeili & Gans, 2000, p. 153).

The first punishment called Hudud (limit or boundary) includes life imprisonment, lashing, stoning to death for those who have illegal sexual intercourse, and hand amputation for thefts, depending on the particular culpable circumstances (Esmaeili & Gans, 2000). Despite its potential for harshness, punishment through Hudud is imposed incrementally and under community supervision.

The second punishment called Qisas (retaliation) is reserved for crimes of violence such as murder and assault. Esmaeili and Gans (2000) stated that "the courts have no initial sentencing role" because Qisas follows an eye-for-an-eye justice of retaliation, meaning that "the offender is punished in the same way, and by the same means, as the crime that she or he committed" (p. 153). Thus the penalty for murder is death and for assault is a beating.

The third punishment is called Tazirat (discretionary punishments) and it depends on the severity of the crime (Esmaeili & Gans, 2000). In this category the King’s approval is not required as in the previous categories. So, if a person commits any sin which violates Islamic law, the judge can punish him or her. Practicing Tazirat includes punishments such as "lashing, prison, or banishment, is specified in written form" (Esmaeili & Gans, 2000, p. 153).

gollark: = most FP languages
gollark: It's meant to be about abstraction, but that's loosely defined.
gollark: It's not transpilation just because the target is intepreted.
gollark: *transpile/compile/potatoize
gollark: Good point, actually: esolangs do often need giant programs to do stuff. Probably that's not too significant though.

See also

References
  1. "Crime rate up 102%". Arab News. 24 July 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  2. Saudi Arabia Archived 2008-08-29 at the Wayback Machine Government of Australia, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
  3. Saudi Arabia Archived 2008-09-01 at the Wayback Machine Foreign and Commonwealth Office
  4. Saudi Arabia Department of Foreign Affairs
  5. Karl R. DeRouen; Paul Bellamy (2007). International Security and the United States: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 674. ISBN 0-275-99253-5.
  6. "Saudi Arabia 2013 Crime and Safety Report". OSAC Bureau of Diplomatic Security. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  7. "Downward spiral of unemployment and juvenile delinquency". Arab News. 17 April 2004. Retrieved 3 October 2014. The high rate of unemployment among youth seems to be the cause of the growing crime rate. According to a report released by The Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency at the end of 2003 crime rates among jobless youth grew by 320 % from 1990 to 1996. By 2005 the crime rate is expected to grow by 136%. This figure is particularly significant since until just a few years ago Saudi Arabia had a low crime rate, so much so that the country could boast being practically crime-free.
  8. Bradley 2005, p. 148.
  9. Bradley 2005, pp. 142—3... a population boom, rapid social change, and massive unemployment are bringing a new and frightening social reality to Saudi Arabia. ...a breakdown in traditional forms of social control and constraint
  10. Saudi Arabia The World Factbook
  11. Country Profiles - Saudi Arabia United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
  12. First independent human rights organization in Saudi Arabia Archived November 21, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  13. Watching a Saudi Succession The New York Times
  14. https://www.cia.gov/news-information/speeches-testimony/2002/DCI_18_June_testimony_new.pdf
  15. Hegghammer, Thomas (2010). Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism since 1979. Cambridge University Press. p. 82.
  16. Gedye, Robin; Bradley, John R (16 May 2003). "Bomber 'moles' in Saudi forces". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  17. Bradley 2005, pp. 113—4.
  18. "Lessons from al-Qaeda's Attack on the Khobar Compound", by Abdul Hameed Bakier, 11 August 2006, The Jamestown Foundation
  19. "Al-Qaida's Next Action Hero, An insider account of the Khobar assault", by Daniel Kimmage, 16 June 2004, Slate (magazine)
  20. "Midnight at the Oasis" Archived 2009-06-06 at the Wayback Machine, by Michael Griffin, June 2004, NthPosition
  21. "Negotiating hostage crises with the new terrorists", by Adam Dolnik, Keith M. Fitzgerald, Praeger, 2007, ISBN 978-0-275-99748-9
  22. "Saudis storm besieged compound" on CNN, 30 May 2004
  23. Saudi Arabia Archived 2013-12-11 at the Wayback Machine United States Department of State
  24. Lankford, Adam & Gillespie, Katherine. (2011). Rehabilitating Terrorists Through Counter-Indoctrination: Lessons Learned From The Saudi Arabian Program. International Criminal Justice Review. 21. 118-133.
  25. James Sheptycki; Ali Wardak; James Hardie-Bick (2005). Transnational and Comparative Criminology. Routledge Cavendish. p. 0. ISBN 1-904385-05-2.
  26. https://data.unodc.org/#state:1
  27. Esmaeili, H; Gans, J (2000). "Islamic Law Across Cultural Borders: The Involvement of Western Nationals in Saudi Murder Trials". Denver Journal of International Law & Policy. 28 (2): 145–174.

Sources
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