Craniofacial abnormality

Craniofacial abnormalities are congenital musculoskeletal disorders which primarily affect the cranium and facial bones.[1]

Craniofacial abnormality

Human skull
Specialty	Medical genetics

They are associated with the development of the pharyngeal arches.[2] Approximately, 5% of the UK or USA population present with dentofacial deformities requiring Orthognathic surgery, jaw surgery, and Orthodontics, brace therapy, as a part of their definitive treatment.[3][4][5]

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References

"WHO – Craniofacial abnormalities".
"Craniofacial Abnormalities: Congenital Craniofacial and Musculoskeletal Abnormalities: Merck Manual Professional".
Posnick, Jeffrey C. (September 2013). Orthognatic Surgery: Principles and Practice. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 61–68. doi:10.1016/B978-1-4557-2698-1.00003-4. ISBN 978-145572698-1.
Harrington C, Gallagher JR, Borzabadi-Farahani A (2015). "A retrospective analysis of dentofacial deformities and orthognathic surgeries using the index of orthognathic functional treatment needs (IOFTN)". Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 79 (7): 1063–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.04.027. PMID 25957779.
Borzabadi-Farahani A, Eslamipour F, Shahmoradi M (2016). "Functional needs of subjects with dentofacial deformities: A study using the index of orthognathic functional treatment need (IOFTN)". J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 69 (6): 796–801. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2016.03.008. PMID 27068664.

External links

Classification	D ICD-10: Q75 ICD-9-CM: 756.0 MeSH: D019465

Congenital malformations and deformations of musculoskeletal system / musculoskeletal abnormality

Appendicular
limb / dysmelia

Arms

clavicle / shoulder	Cleidocranial dysostosis Sprengel's deformity Wallis–Zieff–Goldblatt syndrome
hand deformity	Madelung's deformity Clinodactyly Oligodactyly Polydactyly

Leg

hip	Hip dislocation / Hip dysplasia Upington disease Coxa valga Coxa vara
knee	Genu valgum Genu varum Genu recurvatum Discoid meniscus Congenital patellar dislocation Congenital knee dislocation
foot deformity	varus Club foot Pigeon toe valgus Flat feet Pes cavus Rocker bottom foot Hammer toe

Either / both

fingers and toes	Polydactyly / Syndactyly Webbed toes Arachnodactyly Cenani–Lenz syndactylism Ectrodactyly Brachydactyly Stub thumb
reduction deficits / limb	Acheiropodia Ectromelia Phocomelia Amelia Hemimelia
multiple joints	Arthrogryposis Larsen syndrome RAPADILINO syndrome

Axial

Skull and face

Craniosynostosis	Scaphocephaly Oxycephaly Trigonocephaly
Craniofacial dysostosis	Crouzon syndrome Hypertelorism Hallermann–Streiff syndrome Treacher Collins syndrome
other	Macrocephaly Platybasia Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia Dolichocephaly Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome Plagiocephaly Saddle nose

Vertebral column

Spinal curvature
- Scoliosis
Klippel–Feil syndrome
Spondylolisthesis
Spina bifida occulta
Sacralization

Thoracic skeleton

ribs:	Cervical Bifid
sternum:	Pectus excavatum Pectus carinatum

Congenital abnormality syndromes
Craniofacial	Acrocephalosyndactylia Apert syndrome Carpenter syndrome Pfeiffer syndrome Saethre–Chotzen syndrome Sakati–Nyhan–Tisdale syndrome Bonnet–Dechaume–Blanc syndrome Other Baller–Gerold syndrome Cyclopia Goldenhar syndrome Möbius syndrome
Short stature	1q21.1 deletion syndrome Aarskog–Scott syndrome Cockayne syndrome Cornelia de Lange syndrome Dubowitz syndrome Noonan syndrome Robinow syndrome Silver–Russell syndrome Seckel syndrome Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome Snyder–Robinson syndrome Turner syndrome
Limbs	Adducted thumb syndrome Holt–Oram syndrome Klippel–Trénaunay–Weber syndrome Nail–patella syndrome Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome Gastrulation/mesoderm: Caudal regression syndrome Ectromelia Sirenomelia VACTERL association
Overgrowth syndromes	Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome Proteus syndrome Perlman syndrome Sotos syndrome Weaver syndrome Klippel–Trénaunay–Weber syndrome Benign symmetric lipomatosis Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome Neurofibromatosis type I
Laurence–Moon–Bardet–Biedl	Bardet–Biedl syndrome Laurence–Moon syndrome
Combined/other, known locus	2 (Feingold syndrome) 3 (Zimmermann–Laband syndrome) 4/13 (Fraser syndrome) 8 (Branchio-oto-renal syndrome, CHARGE syndrome) 12 (Keutel syndrome, Timothy syndrome) 15 (Marfan syndrome) 19 (Donohue syndrome) Multiple Fryns syndrome

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