Weathering steel

Weathering steel, often referred to by the genericised trademark COR-TEN steel and sometimes written without the hyphen as corten steel, is a group of steel alloys which were developed to eliminate the need for painting, and form a stable rust-like appearance after several years' exposure to weather.

"Corten" redirects here. For the commune in Moldova, see Corten, Taraclia.
Steels and other iron–carbon alloy phases
Microstructures
Classes
Other iron-based materials
Weathering steel – Fulcrum (1987) by Richard Serra in the Broadgate office estate, London

U.S. Steel holds the registered trademark on the name COR-TEN.[1] The name COR-TEN refers to the two distinguishing properties of this type of steel: corrosion resistance and tensile strength.[2] Although USS sold its discrete plate business to International Steel Group (now ArcelorMittal) in 2003,[3] it still sells COR-TEN branded material in strip-mill plate and sheet forms.

The original COR-TEN received the standard designation A242 (COR-TEN A) from the ASTM International standards group. Newer ASTM grades are A588 (COR-TEN B) and A606 for thin sheet. All alloys are in common production and use.

The surface oxidation of weathering steel takes six months, but surface treatments can accelerate the oxidation to as little as two hours.[4]

History

In 1933 the United States Steel Corporation developed and patented a steel with exceptional mechanical resistance, primarily for use in railroad hopper cars, for the handling of heavy bulk loads including coal, metal ores, other mineral products and grain.[5] The controlled corrosion for which this material is now best known was a welcome benefit discovered soon after, prompting USS to apply the trademarked name Cor-Ten. Because of its inherent toughness, this steel is still used extensively for bulk transport and storage containers.[6]

Railroad passenger cars were also being built with Cor-Ten, albeit painted, by Pullman-Standard for the Southern Pacific from 1936,[7] continuing through commuter coaches for the Rock Island Line in 1949.[8]

Properties

Weathering refers to the chemical composition of these steels, allowing them to exhibit increased resistance to atmospheric corrosion compared to other steels. This is because the steel forms a protective layer on its surface under the influence of the weather.

The corrosion-retarding effect of the protective layer is produced by the particular distribution and concentration of alloying elements in it. The layer protecting the surface develops and regenerates continuously when subjected to the influence of the weather. In other words, the steel is allowed to rust in order to form the protective coating.[9]

Weathering steel grade chemical composition (excl. iron) by weight (%)[10]
GradeCSiMnPSCrCuVNi
ASTM A2420.120.25–0.750.20–0.500.01–0.200.0300.50–1.250.25–0.550.65
ASTM A5880.160.30–0.500.80–1.250.0300.0300.40–0.650.25–0.400.02–0.100.40

The mechanical properties of weathering steels depend on which alloy and how thick the material is.[11][12]

ASTM A242

The original A242 alloy has a yield strength of 50 kilopounds per square inch (340 MPa) and ultimate tensile strength of 70 ksi (480 MPa) for light-medium rolled shapes and plates up to 0.75 inches (19 mm) thick. It has yield strength of 46 ksi (320 MPa) and ultimate strength of 67 ksi (460 MPa) for medium weight rolled shapes and plates from 0.75–1 inch (19–25 mm) thick. The thickest rolled sections and plates – from 1.5–4 in (38–102 mm) thick have yield strength of 42 ksi (290 MPa) and ultimate strength of 63 ksi (430 MPa). ASTM A 242 is available in Type 1 and Type 2. Both have different applications based on the thickness. Type 1 is often used in housing structures, construction industry and freight cars.[13] The Type 2 steel which is also called Corten B is used majorly in urban furnishing, passenger ships or cranes.[14]

ASTM A588

A588 has a yield strength of at least 50 ksi (340 MPa), and ultimate tensile strength of 70 ksi (480 MPa) for all rolled shapes and plate thicknesses up to 4 in (100 mm) thick. Plates from 4–5 in (102–127 mm) have yield strength at least 46 ksi (320 MPa) and ultimate tensile strength at least 67 ksi (460 MPa), and plates from 5–8 in (127–203 mm) thick have yield strength at least 42 ksi (290 MPa) and ultimate tensile strength at least 63 ksi (430 MPa).

Uses
Broadcasting Tower, Leeds, United Kingdom
Abetxuko Bridge by J. Sobrino, PEDELTA, Abetxuko, Vitoria, Spain
Anneau by Mauro Staccioli, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

Weathering steel is popularly used in outdoor sculptures for its distressed antique appearance. One example is the large Chicago Picasso sculpture, which stands in the plaza of the Daley Center Courthouse in Chicago, which is also constructed of weathering steel. Other examples include Barnett Newman's Broken Obelisk; several of Robert Indiana's Numbers sculptures and his original Love sculpture; numerous works by Richard Serra; the Alamo sculpture in Manhattan, NY; the Barclays Center, Brooklyn, New York;[15] the Angel of the North, Gateshead; and Broadcasting Tower at Leeds Beckett University.[16]

It is also used in bridge and other large structural applications such as the New River Gorge Bridge, the second span of the Newburgh–Beacon Bridge (1980), and the creation of the Australian Centre for Contemporary Art (ACCA) and MONA.

It is very widely used in marine transportation, in the construction of intermodal containers[17] as well as visible sheet piling along recently widened sections of London's M25 motorway.

The first use of weathering steel for architectural applications was the John Deere World Headquarters in Moline, Illinois. The building was designed by architect Eero Saarinen, and completed in 1964. The main buildings of Odense University, designed by Knud Holscher and Jørgen Vesterholt and built 1971–1976, are clad in weathering steel, earning them the nickname Rustenborg (Danish for "rusty fortress"). In 1977, Robert Indiana created a Hebrew version of the Love sculpture made from weathering steel using the four-letter word ahava (אהבה, "love" in Hebrew) for the Israel Museum Art Garden in Jerusalem, Israel. In Denmark, all masts for supporting the catenary on electrified railways are made of weathering steel for aesthetic reasons.

Weathering steel was used in 1971 for the Highliner electric cars built by the St. Louis Car Company for Illinois Central Railroad. The use of weathering steel was seen as a cost-cutting move in comparison with the contemporary railcar standard of stainless steel. A subsequent order in 1979 was built to similar specs, including weathering steel bodies, by Bombardier. The cars were painted, a standard practice for weathering steel railcars. The durability of weathering steel did not live up to expectations, with rust holes appearing in the railcars. Painting may have contributed to the problem, as painted weathering steel is no more corrosion-resistant than conventional steel, because the protective patina will not form in time to prevent corrosion over a localized area of attack such as a small paint failure. These cars have been retired by 2016.[18]

Weathering steel was used to build the exterior of Barclays Center, made up of 12,000 pre-weathered steel panels engineered by ASI Limited & SHoP Construction.[19] The New York Times says of the material, "While it can look suspiciously unfinished to the casual observer, it has many fans in the world of art and architecture."[20]

Disadvantages

Using weathering steel in construction presents several challenges. Ensuring that weld-points weather at the same rate as the other materials may require special welding techniques or material. Weathering steel is not rustproof in itself. If water is allowed to accumulate in pockets, those areas will experience higher corrosion rates, so provision for drainage must be made. Weathering steel is sensitive to humid subtropical climates, and in such environments, it is possible that the protective patina may not stabilize but instead continue to corrode. For example, the former Omni Coliseum, built in 1972 in Atlanta, never stopped rusting, and eventually large holes appeared in the structure. This was a major factor in the decision to demolish it just 25 years after construction. The same thing can happen in environments laden with sea salt. Hawaii's Aloha Stadium, built in 1975, is one example of this.[21] Weathering steel's normal surface weathering can also lead to rust stains on nearby surfaces.

U.S. Steel Tower

The rate at which some weathering steels form the desired patina varies strongly with the presence of atmospheric pollutants which catalyze corrosion. While the process is generally successful in large urban centers, the weathering rate is much slower in more rural environments. Uris Hall, a social sciences building on Cornell University's main campus in Ithaca, a small town in Upstate New York, did not achieve the predicted surface finish on its Bethlehem Steel Mayari-R weathering steel framing within the predicted time. Rainwater runoff from the slowly rusting steel stained the numerous large windows and increased maintenance costs.[22] Corrosion without the formation of a protective layer apparently led to the need for emergency structural reinforcement and galvanizing in 1974, less than two years after opening.[23]

The U.S. Steel Tower in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania was constructed by U.S. Steel in part to showcase COR-TEN steel. The initial weathering of the material resulted in a discoloration of the surrounding city sidewalks which is known as "bleeding" or "runoff",[24] as well as other nearby buildings. A cleanup effort was orchestrated by the corporation once weathering was complete to clean the markings. A few of the nearby sidewalks were left uncleaned, and remain a rust color. This problem has been reduced in newer formulations of weathering steel. Staining can be prevented if the structure can be designed so that water does not drain from the steel onto concrete where stains would be visible.

gollark: Wrong.
gollark: No.
gollark: Sure.
gollark: And yet your "Macron" doesn't exist. You're not on the Committee.
gollark: You're just jealous.

See also

References
  1. "Trademarks and Ownership". USS. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  2. Weathering Steel: A Guide to Corten and the A/B Equivalents, Origins & Standards
  3. Plate Products, 2003-10-31, archived from the original on 2007-12-28, retrieved 2010-01-13
  4. "Corten+ US". Corten+ | Rust accelerator. Retrieved 2018-05-24.
  5. http://palladiospa.com
  6. http://allsteelsculpture.com/history-of-corten-sculptures
  7. “The Sunbeams are Hustlers,” page 38 Trains magazine, January 1950
  8. “Railroad News and Editorial Comment,”Trains magazine, January 1950
  9. Armstrong, Robert (14 April 2014). "Metal Building Materials and Corrosion". Absolute Steel. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  10. COR-TEN – Weather & Corrosion Resistant Steel: Technical Data, archived from the original on 2010-01-13, retrieved 2010-01-13.
  11. "Structural, Carbon & HSLA Steel Plate". A new vision of steel. Chapel Steel. 1987. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
  12. Manual of Steel Construction, 8th Edition Second Revised Printing. Chicago: American Institute of Steel Construction. p. Chapter 1, page 1–5.
  13. "Corten A Steel Plate, Corrosion Resistant Plates, Weathering Steel Plates, Weathering Steel". www.csteelindia.com. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
  14. "Corten B Steel Plate, Corrosion Resistant Plates, Weathering Steel Plates, Weathering Steel". www.csteelindia.com. Retrieved 2017-08-10.
  15. Elizabeth A. Harris (August 27, 2012). "Constructing a Facade Both Rugged and Rusty". nytimes.com. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  16. Ruth Bloomfeld (November 11, 2009). "Feilden Clegg Bradley's Leeds complex completed". bdonline.co.uk. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
  17. "Shipping Container Homes Globally". Retrieved 2009-05-24.
  18. "Photos of the South Shore Line in the Dunes region of Northern Indiana". people.ku.edu. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
  19. "Architectural Record: Barclays Center".
  20. Harris, Elizabeth (27 August 2012). "Constructing a Facade Both Rugged and Rusty". NY Times. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
  21. Arakawa, Lynda (11 May 2007). "Stadium rust to get $12.4M treatment". Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  22. Olmstead, Elizabeth (2 October 1973). "'Old Rusty' Design Hikes Upkeep Costs". The Cornell Daily Sun. Ithaca, NY. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
  23. Sennet, Charles (8 May 1974). "Donor Wrote Corson to Demand 'Old Rusty' Repairs Be Secret". The Cornell Daily Sun. Ithaca, NY. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
  24. "Learn About Cor-Ten / F.A.Q". Corten.Com. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.