Columbus (ISS module)

Columbus is a science laboratory that is part of the International Space Station (ISS) and is the largest single contribution to the ISS made by the European Space Agency (ESA).

The Columbus Module on the International Space Station
Hans Schlegel working on outfitting Columbus
One instrument mounted on Columbus was ISS-RapidScat, and this graphic shows the location of Columbus and where that instrument was mounted on the Module. The instrument was installed in 2014 and operated until 2016.

Like the Harmony and Tranquility modules, the Columbus laboratory was constructed in Turin, Italy by Thales Alenia Space. The functional equipment and software of the lab was designed by EADS in Bremen, Germany. It was also integrated in Bremen before being flown to the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida in an Airbus Beluga. It was launched aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis on February 7, 2008 on flight STS-122. It is designed for ten years of operation. The module is controlled by the Columbus Control Centre, located at the German Space Operations Centre, part of the German Aerospace Center in Oberpfaffenhofen near Munich, Germany.

The European Space Agency has spent €1.4 billion (about US$2 billion) on building Columbus, including the experiments it carries and the ground control infrastructure necessary to operate them.[1]

Description

The laboratory is a cylindrical module, made from stainless steel, kevlar and hardened aluminum, with two end cones. It is 4.477 m (14 ft 8.3 in) in external diameter and 6.871 m (22 ft 6.5 in) in overall length, excluding the projecting external experiment racks. Its shape is very similar to that of the Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules (MPLMs), since both were designed to fit in the cargo bay of a Space Shuttle orbiter. The starboard end cone contains most of the laboratory's on-board computers. The port end cone contains the Common Berthing Mechanism.

Construction

ESA chose EADS Astrium Space Transportation as prime contractor for Columbus manufacturing. The module was tested at the European Space Research and Technology Centre. The Columbus flight structure, the micro-meteorite protection system, the active and passive thermal control, the environmental control, the harness and all the related ground support equipment were designed and qualified by Alcatel Alenia Space in Turin, Italy as defined by the PICA – Principle (for definition see History below); the related hardware was pre-integrated and sent as PICA in September 2001 to Bremen. The lab was built and qualified on system level at the EADS Astrium Space Transportation facilities in Bremen, Germany.[2]

Launch, berthing and outfitting
Columbus installed in Atlantis's payload bay in preparation for launch
Columbus docked to the starboard side of Harmony

In November 2007, Columbus was moved out of the KSC Space Station Processing Facility, and installed into the payload bay of the Atlantis orbiter for launch on ISS assembly flight 1E (STS-122).[3][4]

During cryo-filling of the Space Shuttle External Tank (ET) with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen prior to the first launch attempt on December 6, 2007, two of four LH2 ECO sensors failed a test. Mission rules called for at least three of the four sensors to be in working order for a launch attempt to proceed. As a result of the failure, the Launch Director Doug Lyons postponed the launch, initially for 24 hours. This was later revised into a 72-hour delay, resulting in a next launch attempt set for Sunday December 9, 2007. This launch attempt was scrubbed when one of the ECO sensors again failed during fuelling.

The ECO sensors external connector was changed on the Space Shuttle external tank, causing a two-month delay in the launch. Columbus was finally launched successfully on the third attempt at 2:45pm EST, February 7, 2008.[5] Once at the station, Canadarm2 removed Columbus from the docked shuttle's cargo bay and attached it to the starboard hatch of Harmony (also known as Node 2), with the cylinder pointing outwards on February 11, 2008.[6]

Research activities and payloads

Activities in the lab are controlled on the ground by the Columbus Control Center (at DLR Oberpfaffenhofen in Germany) and by the associated User Support Operations Centres throughout Europe.

The laboratory can accommodate ten active International Standard Payload Racks (ISPRs) for science payloads. Agreements with NASA allocate to ESA 51% usage of the Columbus Laboratory.[7] ESA is thus allocated five active rack locations, with the other five being allocated to NASA. Four active rack locations are on the forward side of the deck, four on the aft side, and two are in overhead locations. Three of the deck racks are filled with life support and cooling systems. The remaining deck rack and the two remaining overhead racks are storage racks.

In addition, four un-pressurized payload platforms can be attached outside the starboard cone, on the Columbus External Payload Facility (CEPF).[8] Each external payload is mounted on an adaptor able to accommodate small instruments and experiments totalling up to 230 kilograms (507 lb).[9]

External payloads SOLAR and EuTEF installed on LCC-lite cargo carrier prior to launch on shuttle mission STS-122

The following European ISPRs have been initially installed inside Columbus:

The first external payloads were mounted on Columbus by crew members of the mission STS-122 mission. The three payloads mounted are:

  • European Technology Exposure Facility (EuTEF) platform, which accommodates nine instruments: TRIBOLAB, PLEGPAY, MEDET, EUFIDE, DEBIE-2, FIPEX, EUTEMP, EXPOSE, DOSTEL, and the Earth Viewing Camera.[11]
  • Solar Monitoring Observatory (SOLAR)
  • MISSE-6 (NASA payload)

Planned additional external payloads:

See also:

In 2014 the ISS-RapidScat instrument was installed, which was operated until late 2016.[13] ISS-RapidScat was transported to ISS by the SpaceX CRS-4 spaceflight.[14]

History
The Columbus logo
Life size Replica of the European Columbus space laboratory (ISS) at the Euro Space Center Belgium

Columbus was originally planned as part of the Columbus program, an ESA program to develop an autonomous crewed space station that could be used for a variety of microgravity experiments. The program ran from 1986 to 1991 and included three components: a Man-Tended Free Flyer (MTFF) element serviced by the Hermes shuttle, an Attached Pressurized Module (APM), and a Polar Platform (PPF). After several budget cuts and cancellation of Hermes shuttle, all that remained in the Columbus program was the APM, finally renamed to Columbus.

When only the APM was left in the program there were not enough tasks for the two main contributors Germany and Italy represented by MBB-ERNO and Alenia respectively. As compromise the PICA (Pre Integrated Columbus APM) – Principle was invented meaning a split responsibility where Alenia as a co-prime is responsible for the overall Columbus configuration, the mechanical and thermal/life support systems, HFE and harness design/manufacturing whereas EADS Astrium Space Transportation is responsible for the overall Columbus design and all Avionics systems including electrical harness design and software.[15] Splitting off systems engineering responsibility and harness design under separate fixed-price contracts was found not to be advantageous with respect to efficiency and fast decision making as financial reasonings were pre-dominant in the last phase of development and verification.

Loading of Columbus at the Bremen airport into an Airbus Beluga
Columbus's position on the ISS

The structure used for Columbus is based on the MPLM module built for NASA by Thales Alenia Space. In 2000 the pre-integrated module (structure including harness and tubing) was delivered to Bremen in Germany by the Co-prime contractor Alenia. The final integration and system testing was performed by the overall prime contractor EADS Astrium Space Transportation, after that the initial Payload was integrated and the overall complement checked-out.

On May 27, 2006 Columbus was flown from Bremen, Germany to Kennedy Space Center on board an Airbus Beluga.

The final schedule was much longer than originally planned due to development problems (several caused by the complex responsibility splitting between the Co-prime and the Overall prime contractor) and design changes introduced by ESA but being affordable due to the Shuttle problems delaying the Columbus launch for several years. The main design change was the addition of the External Payload Facility (EPF), which was driven by the different European Payload organizations being more interested in outer space than internal experiments. Also the addition of a terminal for direct communications to/from ground, which could have been used also as back-up for the ISS system, was studied but not implemented for cost reasons.

Specifications
Columbus module (right) pictured with the Space Shuttle Endeavour in May 2011
  • Length: 7 m (23 ft)
  • Diameter: 4.5 m (15 ft)
  • Total mass: 10,300 kg (22,708 lb)
  • Total payload mass 2,500 kg (5,512 lb)
  • Total on-orbit mass 12,800 kg (28,219 lb)
gollark: But it's bee.
gollark: The formatting thing isn't exactly in shells as much as the infrastructure surrounding them.
gollark: Shells contain some very bee things like:- in-band signalling of formatting- excessive stringyness, poor data structures- poor error handling- lack of advanced constructs- bad modularitybut cool things like:- easy to call out to other utilities- highly concurrency- file descriptor manipulation
gollark: I meant this ironically. Interactive Python is actually a terrible shell replacement.
gollark: REPLs are highly.

References
  1. Harwood, William (February 11, 2008). "Station arm pulls Columbus module from cargo bay". Spaceflightnow.com. Retrieved 7 August 2009.
  2. "Europe's Airbus-built Columbus orbital outpost: 10 years in space". Airbus. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  3. "Space Shuttle Mission STS-122: The Voyage of Columbus". NASA.
  4. "Shuttle Launch Now Targeted For 2nd January". December 2007.
  5. NASA (2007). "NASA Postpones Space Shuttle Atlantis Launch; Aims for Friday". NASA.
  6. "Node 2, Columbus, Japanese Experiment Module and Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM) installation animation". NASA. 2007-01-26.
  7. Giuseppe Reibaldi; et al. (May 2005). "The ESA Payloads for Columbus – A bridge between the ISS and exploration" (PDF). ESA.
  8. "ISS Utilization: SOLAR and EuTEF – external payloads on the Columbus Lab". eoPortal. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26.
  9. Steve Feltham & Giacinto Gianfiglio (March 2002). "ESA's ISS External Payloads" (PDF). ESA.
  10. http://www.esa.int/esapub/bulletin/bullet102/Reibaldi102.pdf
  11. "EUTEF – European Technology Exposure Facility". Carlo Gavazzi Space. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.
  12. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200215005026/en/MDA-Developed-Columbus-Ka-Band-Terminal-COLKa-Starts-Journey
  15. MBB-ERNO was renamed to Deutsche Aerospace then Daimler-Benz Aerospace then DaimlerChrysler Aerospace then Astrium then EADS SPACE Transportation and finally EADS Astrium Space Transportation

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