College of Wooster

The College of Wooster is a private liberal arts college in Wooster, Ohio. It is primarily known for its emphasis on mentored undergraduate research and enrolls about 2,000 students. Founded in 1866 by the Presbyterian Church as the University of Wooster, it officially has been non-sectarian since 1969, when ownership ties with the Presbyterian Church ended. From its creation, the college has been a co-educational institution. The school is a member of The Five Colleges of Ohio, Great Lakes Colleges Association, and the Association of Presbyterian Colleges and Universities.

The College of Wooster
MottoScientia et religio ex uno fonte (Latin)
Motto in English
Knowledge and religion from one source
TypePrivate
Established1866
Endowment$328.9 million (2019)[1]
PresidentSarah Bolton
Academic staff
171 (full-time)[2]
Undergraduates2,000[2]
Location
Wooster
,
Ohio
,
United States
CampusSuburban, 240 acres[2]
AthleticsNCAA Division III — NCAC
ColorsOld Gold and Black
         
NicknameFighting Scots
Websitewooster.edu
College of Wooster
LocationOH 3, Wooster, Ohio
Built1900
ArchitectHolden, Lansing C.
Architectural styleLate Gothic Revival, Other, Collegiate Gothic
NRHP reference No.80003246[3]
Added to NRHPFebruary 25, 1980

History
University of Wooster, lithograph, c1867

Founded as the University of Wooster in 1866 by Presbyterians, the institution opened its doors in 1870 with a faculty of five and a student body of thirty men and four women. The wealthy Wooster citizen, Ephraim Quinby, donated the first 22 acres (8.9 ha), a large oak grove situated on a hilltop overlooking the town [citation needed]. After being founded with the intent to make Wooster open to everyone, the university's first Ph.D. was granted to a woman, Annie B. Irish, in 1882. The first black student, Clarence Allen, began his studies later in the same decade.[4]

It is rumored that when the college was founded, it was gifted a mummy[5] and the head of Nat Turner.[6] While the mummy is still located on campus, at the basement of the art center, the head of Nat Turner was lost in Old Main after a fire broke out [citation needed].

In the pre-dawn hours of December 11, 1901, a fire destroyed the five-story Old Main building, the centerpiece of the campus. Within two years, it was replaced by several new buildings which (after substantial renovations within the last 30 years) remain the primary structures for the classes, labs, and faculty offices. These include Kauke Hall (the center of campus), Scovel Hall, Severance Hall (which together form a large courtyard in front of Kauke Hall, all designed by Lansing C. Holden) and Taylor Hall.

About ten years after the fire and rebuilding, there were eight divisions, including a medical school whose faculty outnumbered those in the college of arts and sciences. However, the university had gradually begun to define itself as a liberal arts institution and, in 1915, after a bitter dispute between the faculty and the Trustees, chose to become The College of Wooster in order to devote itself entirely to the education of undergraduate students in the liberal arts. The enrollment of the college is kept intentionally small, around 2000 students, to allow for close interaction between faculty and students.

In the 1920s, during the clashes between liberal and fundamentalists, William Jennings Bryan, a prominent Presbyterian layman, and former United States Secretary of State, attacked the college for its teaching of evolution. The subject had been taught at the college for several decades and defended by then president Charles F. Wishart. Bryan called for the General Assembly of the church to cut off funding to the college. But in 1923 Wishart defeated Bryan for the position of Moderator of the General Assembly largely on the evolution issue, and the college continued to teach evolution.[7]

The 240-acre (97 ha) college has a tree endowment, established in 1987, which supports tree conservation, maintenance, and a tree replacement program. The Oak Grove, a pleasant green space near the center of campus, plays host to commencement ceremonies each May. Several of the Grove's trees are older than the college itself, including an eastern black oak near Galpin Hall that dates to 1681, as well as a 1766 white oak. Each senior class plants a class tree in the Oak Grove on the day before graduation.

On November 10, 2015, the College named Sarah Bolton as its 12th president, and first female president. Her term began July 1, 2016. Bolton was a dean and physics professor at Williams College.[8]

Academics
University rankings
National
Forbes[9] 250
THE/WSJ[10] 143
Liberal arts colleges
U.S. News & World Report[11] 66
Washington Monthly[12] 96
Kauke Hall is the main academic building on campus

Upon completion of at least 32 courses, students may earn a Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Music, or Bachelor of Music Education degree.

In addition to the programs listed below, students may design their own major with approval from the registrar and the Provost. Some of the pre-professional programs are cooperative ones in which students spend a certain period of time at the College of Wooster before transferring to accelerated courses at other colleges and universities.

Independent Study program

The College of Wooster also has an Independent Study program, in which all students work one-on-one with a faculty advisor to complete a written thesis or other significant project during the course of the senior year, usually about 50 to 100 pages in length.[13] The student also presents an oral defense of the thesis before a faculty committee. The program, begun in 1947 by Howard Lowry (the college's 7th President), has received attention from other colleges and universities, and a number of other institutions have modeled programs after it. In 2003, the independent study program at Wooster was recognized by US News and World Report as the second best 'senior capstone experience' in the US, behind only Princeton University. Wooster ranks 14th in the United States among independent colleges whose graduates earned Ph.D.s between 1920 and 1995 (according to the Baccalaureate Origins of Doctorate Recipients, 1998).[14] Preparation and completion of the thesis can be time-consuming, and led to one view in which a student, writing in the weekly The Wooster Voice, suggested that the independent study program be interwoven with career planning as well as applications to graduate schools.[15]

Special traditions have been developed surrounding Independent Study. Upon completion, a student receives a yellow button saying 'I did it!' as well as the highly coveted Tootsie Roll.[13] The tradition began in 1974[13] when the registrar at the time, Lee Culp (also a graduate of the College of Wooster), gave out candy along with the buttons one year; the Tootsie Roll itself was chosen simply because it was cheap to buy in bulk. Beginning in 1989, buttons were given out to indicate the order in which theses had been handed in.[13] The 'due date,' or the last day that students can turn in their completed Independent Study project, is the first Monday after spring break. On the so-called I.S. Monday, the pipe band strikes up including drums and trumpets,[13] and, with the Provost leading the way, the seniors march through the Kauke Arch in a jubilant parade, described by one professor as a "celebration of both scholarship and survival", ending at Kittredge dining hall, where a celebratory dinner with advisors and college administrators follows.

Libraries

The College of Wooster Libraries consists of three branches (Andrews Library, The Flo K. Gault Library and The Timken Science Library in Frick Hall) and a music library located at the Scheide Music Center. Andrews Library, the largest library in the system, houses more than 850,000 volumes and can accommodate over 500 readers.[16] Andrews Library houses the college's Special Collections, media library and the student writing center. The Flo K. Gault Library, built as an addition to Andrews Library in 1995, primarily serves as a place for class seniors to work on their Independent Study projects. The Gault Library contains carrels devoted to Independent Study for every senior student of the humanities and social sciences. The Timken Science Library in Frick Hall (1900, 1998), which is the oldest branch in the system, served as the original academic library for the college from 1900 to 1962. After three decades as an art museum, the building reopened as the science library in 1998, with substantial funding from the Timken Foundation of Canton, Ohio, and now primarily serves students in the math and sciences departments. The library provides Independent Study carrels for math and science seniors.

  • CONSORT: The College of Wooster became a founding member of the Five Colleges of Ohio Consortium in 1996. The College of Wooster merged its library catalogue with Denison University, Kenyon College and Ohio Wesleyan University to form the CONSORT library system. The CONSORT library system provides its patrons access to the combined holdings of all four colleges.
  • OhioLINK: CONSORT is a member of OhioLINK, a statewide consortium of academic libraries as well as the State Library of Ohio, which agreed to make their collections available to library patrons within this network. CONSORT's membership into OhioLink gives its patrons immediate access to a collection of books, online journals and databases that rivals the largest academic libraries in the country. The OhioLINK catalogue represents 89 libraries in the state and lists nearly 11.5 million unique titles from total holdings of 48 million items.[17]

Art Museum

The College of Wooster Art Museum was established in the 1930s as a small gallery to facilitate the teaching of art and art research at the college. The current museum was established at the Ebert Art Center in 1997. The museum houses two small galleries, the Charlene Derge Sussel Art Gallery and the Burton D. Morgan Gallery, as well as storage for the college's permanent art collection. The museum's encyclopedic collection spans from ancient to contemporary art. Permanent collections include the John Taylor Arms Print Collection - which represents works by Edward Hopper, Winslow Homer, Isabel Bishop, Martin Lewis, James Abbott McNeill Whistler, Albrecht Dürer, Käthe Kollwitz and Félix Bracquemond - the William C. Mithoefer Collection of African Art, Middle Eastern pottery and Chinese decorative art.

Student life

Residence life

The College of Wooster is a residential campus and has 16 residence halls, which house 16 to 270 students each, and 30 program houses. 99% of the student body live in the residence halls on campus.[18] The residence halls include Andrews Hall, Armington Hall, Babcock Hall, Bissman Hall, Bornhuetter Hall, Brush Hall, Compton Hall, Douglass Hall, Gault Manor, Gault Schoolhouse, Holden Hall, Kenarden Lodge, Luce Hall, Stevenson Hall, and Wagner Hall.[19]

International presence

Elias Compton, former dean of the college, founded the Wooster in India program during the 1930s, which established a sister school relationship with Ewing Christian College in Allahabad, India. Over a forty-year time span, Wooster sent several former students to serve as Head Resident at Ewing while Ewing faculty were brought to Wooster as Ewing Fellows; a plaque with the names of Ewing Fellows hangs in Babcock Hall.[20] The Wooster in India program helped build this unique bond between Wooster and India that enhanced the exchange of students, ideas and cultures.[21] This international presence affected the entire campus, establishing a tradition which continues to influence the college. Today, 15% of the student body is international in origin, representing 59 countries.[2] The college offers majors in Cultural Area Studies and International Relations, instruction in seven foreign languages and opportunities to study abroad in 60 countries. Sixty-nine percent of Wooster students are from outside of Ohio.[2]

  • Scot Center: In early 2012, the Scot Center,[22] a 123,000-square-foot (11,400 m2) $30 million recreation facility, opened its doors. It includes four multipurpose sport courts (for intramural basketball, volleyball and tennis), a 200-meter indoor track, a new fitness center, batting cages for baseball and softball, expanded locker rooms, coaches' offices and meeting facilities. The building also boasts a 20,000-square-foot (1,900 m2) solar roof, the largest of any college facility in the United States.[23] The Scot Center is the first phase of a master plan to create a Campus Center.
  • Babcock Residence Hall: Babcock Hall houses 60% domestic and 40% international students who desire to experience this cross-cultural living environment.[24] Babcock Hall offers cross-cultural programming that includes regular hall meetings with student speakers and cultural activities; celebrations of holidays from around the world; and discussions of international and diversity-related issues led by faculty and invited speakers.
  • Luce Residence Hall: Luce Hall houses six language suites (Chinese, Classics, French, German, Spanish & Russian) providing students with a living/learning environment focusing on developing foreign language skills. The building features submarine-inspired architectural details, like a winding floorplan and porthole windows.

Athletics

Wooster's athletic history dates back to its first baseball team, in 1880, which played only one game, losing 12–2 to Kenyon College. The football program was established in 1889; over its first two seasons, the team won all seven games it played, by a total score of 306–4. Included was a 64–0 victory at Ohio State on November 1, 1890, in the Buckeyes' first-ever home football game.[25] Shortly thereafter, intercollegiate sports were banned by the College President.[26] After varsity athletics returned in 1901, Wooster became an early member of the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC). In 1983, Wooster (along with the rest of the Ohio Five) broke away from the OAC to form the North Coast Athletic Conference (NCAC). The NCAC, which competes at the non-scholarship Division III level of the NCAA, was founded primarily on the principle of offering women equal opportunity to participate in varsity sports.[27] In its first season of competition, 1984–85, the NCAC sponsored 21 sports, eleven for men and ten for women. Women's softball was added in 1998, and women's golf in 2010, giving the NCAC its current 23 sports. Wooster fields varsity athletic teams in all 23 of these sports.

Scottish heritage

Wooster's school colors are black and old gold, and its mascot is the 'Fighting Scot'. Early Wooster teams were known as the Presbyterians, or unofficially as the 'Presbyterian Steamroller', due to the football team's success.[28] In 1939, a large donation from alumnus Birt Babcock funded the purchase of kilts for the marching band, in the yellow-and-black MacLeod tartan (MacLeod of Lewis), which had no particular significance, except that it matched the school colors.[29] Scottish culture eventually became an important part of the school's heritage; today, the football games feature a Scottish pipe band with Highland dancers in addition to a traditional marching band, with all three groups clad in the MacLeod tartan. The college offers the "Scottish Arts Scholarship" for students who perform as pipers, drummers, or Scottish dancers.[30]

Baseball

The baseball team has made five appearances in the NCAA Division III World Series, including second-place finishes in 2009 and 1997. Wooster has made 23 appearances in the NCAA baseball tournament under head coach Tim Pettorini, who has led the Scots since 1982. Pettorini has guided the Scots to over 1,100 victories, placing him in the all-time top ten among D-III baseball coaches, and the winningest active coach as of 2017.[31] The Scots have also won a conference-record seventeen NCAC championships, most recently in 2017, under Pettorini. Prior to Pettorini's tenure, Bob Morgan led the Scots to the NCAA tournament in each of his final five seasons, giving Wooster a total of 25 appearances since the event began in 1976. During the first decade of the 21st century, the Scots had a record of 372–98, winning more games than any other team in Division III, and were second in winning percentage over that span, trailing only The College of St. Scholastica. Following his graduation in 2010, All-American second baseman Matthew Johnson signed with the Toronto Blue Jays organization, and played for four seasons in their minor-league system.

Basketball

Long-time head men's basketball coach Steve Moore has won over 700 games at Wooster, and in 2017 became the second-winningest coach all-time in NCAA Division III. His teams have won 17 NCAC championships and have made 24 appearances in the NCAA Men's Division III Basketball Championship,[32] including a record 14 in a row from 2003 through 2016. The team reached the national semifinals ("Final Four") of the NCAA D-III Tournament in 2003, 2007, and 2011. The 2011 team set a school record for victories, with a record of 31–3, and reached the national championship game before falling to St. Thomas (Minnesota). The 2003 team was close behind at 30–3, with center Bryan Nelson named D-III Men's Basketball Player of the Year. Home games are contested in the 3,400-seat Timken Gym,[33] which is often filled to capacity for big games, including the rivalry contest with Wittenberg University and post-season tournaments. Since 2000, the Scots have been in the top ten in D-III basketball attendance every year, ranking 2nd in some seasons, with over 2,000 fans per home game.[34]

Football

The University of Wooster scored the first touchdown in the state of Ohio against Denison University in 1888 and was a football powerhouse in Ohio. Charles Follis, the first black professional football player, attended the University of Wooster and starred on the baseball team before signing with the Shelby Athletic Club to play professional football in 1902. Wooster was the last State of Ohio team not to be beaten by Ohio State, when it tied the Buckeyes at home on November 1, 1924. (as of 2018) The football team's greatest success occurred between 1916 and 1934; during this era, Wooster had a record of 118-31-12,[35] and won four outright OAC championships.[36] The 1934 title would be the Scots' last outright conference championship for 70 years, with only a trio of shared conference titles (1959/1970 OAC and 1997 NCAC) during that time. Jack Lengyel, who is known for becoming Marshall’s head coach following their airplane crash that killed their head coach, coached Wooster for five seasons before accepting the Marshall job. In 2004, the team recorded a perfect 10-0 regular season and won its first outright NCAC conference championship, as well as its first NCAA D-III football tournament game. The 2004 team was led by senior All-American running back Tony Sutton, who set multiple NCAA Division III career rushing records and was a 2014 finalist for the Gagliardi Trophy, the D-III equivalent of the Heisman Trophy. From 1995 through 2008, Wooster's record was 99–43, making this the most successful era since World War II. In 2009, lights and artificial turf were added to the Scots' 4,500-seat John Papp stadium. The first-ever nighttime football game at Wooster was played on October 10, 2009, against Case Western Reserve University, with Case retaining the Baird Brothers Trophy by virtue of a 53–32 victory over the Scots.

Other sports

In the early 21st century, the women's field hockey and women's lacrosse teams each won their multiple NCAC championships, earning automatic bids to their national NCAA D-III tournaments. The only national championship won by a Wooster athletic team came in 1975, when the men's golf team won the NCAA D-III title.

Academic All-Americans

Since 2000, Scots have been named Academic All-Americans 32 times by College Sports Information Directors of America, in the College division, which includes NCAA Division II and Division III institutions, as well as NAIA schools, a total of over 1000 colleges.

Performing arts

Wooster is the home of the Ohio Light Opera, an enterprise founded within the college in 1979, but not part of the college curriculum. It is the only professional company in the United States entirely devoted to operetta. OLO performs the entire Gilbert & Sullivan repertoire, but also regularly revives rarely performed continental works of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Over the years, the Company has produced eighty different operettas.

Wooster's performing ensembles include the Wooster Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1915 by Daniel Parmelee, then Professor of Violin at the college. The orchestra currently is the second-oldest orchestra in continuous performance in the state of Ohio.[37] Additional ensembles include the Scot Symphonic and Marching Bands, the Wooster Chorus, and the Wooster Jazz Ensemble.

Wooster has an active on-campus pipe band. Officially called the College of Wooster Pipe Band, members perform at many official on-campus events such as commencement, sports games (football, basketball, swim meets, and sometimes lacrosse games) and many spontaneous student-run events. During the spring season they perform and compete at a grade 3 level, having won prizes at the Scots wi' Shotts event in Cleveland hosted by the local Lochaber Pipe Band. The Pipe Band also placed first in the grade 3 contest at the 2009 Toronto Indoor Highland Games, as the only American band competing.

The college's department of Theatre and Dance produces two dance concerts per year, a fall concert in the round, and a spring concert in a more formal proscenium setting. Additionally, the college produces at least two plays each academic year. Further plays are produced by student groups and seniors pursuing their Independent Study projects. In 2007, Wooster's theatre production of 'Nocturne' was invited to perform at the Kennedy Center's American College Theatre Festival in Washington, D.C. Wooster's production was one of four shows chosen from a field of approximately 400 entries.

Student activities and clubs

The College of Wooster has over one hundred student organizations, from the Jenny Investment Club, which allows students to invest real money for the college as they learn about the stock market, to Common Grounds, a student-run coffee shop and house program offering 'an alternative atmosphere to the partying scene' for the college community.[38]

There are currently ten active Greek groups at the College of Wooster, six sororities and four fraternities. Called clubs and sections, these groups are not affiliated with national Greek organizations, and approximately fifteen percent of the student body participates.

The college has a wide variety of student-run media. The Wooster Voice is the weekly student newspaper with a newly launched website, and has been published continuously since 1886 (see list of college newspapers), while WCWS (WOO 91) is the college radio station. The Goliard is the annual literary magazine. Each year, English professor Daniel Bourne also publishes an international literary magazine called Artful Dodge. Additionally, the English Department has classes every two years on journalism and magazine writing; these students create and publish a newspaper and a magazine respectively.

The college also has a successful Ultimate Frisbee program. The Women's team, Betty Gone Wild, won USAUltimate's D-III College Championship Sectionals in 2014 and 2015. Also in 2014 and 2015 they came in 2nd at USAUltimate's D-III College Championship Regionals. They attended the National College Championship in 2014 and came in 15th place with a 1st place award in spirit.

The college is well known for its Moot Court team as part of the American Moot Court Association, and is currently ranked second in the nation by the ACMA.[39] In addition to the teams regional championships, the College routinely qualifies teams to the Moot Court Nationals tournament and was the 2008 National Champion. In 2017, Wooster qualified five teams to the nationals tournament and had teams finish 12th, 16th, and 18th in oral argument, 13th and 14th in oration, and third in appellate brief writing.[40] The team is led by professor of political theory Desiree Weber and professor emeritus and President of the ACMA Mark Weaver.[41]

Notable people
Main article: List of College of Wooster people
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References
  1. As of June 30, 2019. "U.S. and Canadian 2019 NTSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2019 Endowment Market Value, and Percentage Change in Market Value from FY18 to FY19 (Revised)". National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  2. "Fast Facts". College of Wooster. 2019. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
  3. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  4. "Official website: Our history & traditions". Archived from the original on 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
  5. "Egyptian Mummy".
  6. "Mystery of Nat Turner's missing head".
  7. Tait, L. Gordon (1984). "Evolution: Wishart, Wooster, and William Jennings Bryan". Journal of Presbyterian History. 62 (4): 310–314. JSTOR 23328648.
  8. "Sarah Bolton named 12th president of The College of Wooster | The College of Wooster". wooster.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-12-02. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
  9. "America's Top Colleges 2019". Forbes. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
  10. "U.S. College Rankings 2020". Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education. Retrieved September 26, 2019.
  11. "Best Colleges 2020: National Liberal Arts Colleges Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  12. "2019 Liberal Arts Rankings". Washington Monthly. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  13. "CAMPUS LIFE: WOOSTER; Agony, Then Ecstasy: Senior Theses Are Done". The New York Times. March 26, 1989. Retrieved April 23, 2012. ... independent study ... the 50- to 100-page theses ...
  14. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 15, 2004. Retrieved 2005-10-05.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
  15. Hannah Diorio-Toth (February 11, 2011). "Senior Dilemma: I.S. versus Job Hunt". The Wooster Voice. Retrieved April 23, 2012. The problem is that Wooster places so much emphasis on I.S. that it becomes the student’s only priority.
  16. "Andrews Library - College of Wooster Campus Tour". Wooster.edu. Archived from the original on 2006-09-09.
  17. "What is OhioLINK". Ohiolink.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-02-06.
  18. "Residences". www.wooster.edu. The College of Wooster. Archived from the original on 4 January 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  19. "Halls". www.wooster.edu. The College of Wooster. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  20. "International Education Week | Cosmos" (PDF). Wooster.edu. October 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-09.
  21. "International Insight". Thewoostervoice.com. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08.
  22. "The Scot Center - College of Wooster". Wooster.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-06-20. Retrieved 2012-07-05.
  23. "Scot Center's Solar Roof Will Be Largest at Any College in U.S. - College of Wooster". Wooster.edu. 2010-09-20. Archived from the original on 2012-03-24. Retrieved 2012-06-17.
  24. "Babcock Hall - College of Wooster". Wooster.edu. Archived from the original on 2009-10-03.
  25. "Site of First Ohio State Home Football Game / The Ohio State University First Football Team 1890 Marker". Hmdb.org. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
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  27. "NCAC History". Northcoast.org. Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
  28. The Presbyterian church in America is descended from the Church of Scotland.
  29. "Admissions & Financial Aid - College of Wooster". Admissions.wooster.edu. 2010-04-28. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2010-07-17.
  30. "Scottish Arts Scholarship". www.wooster.edu. The College of Wooster. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  31. "NCAA Baseball Coaching Records" (PDF). 2016.
  32. "North Coast Athletic Conference : Men's Basketball All-Time Standings" (PDF). Northcoast.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-03-26. Retrieved 2014-03-01.
  33. "College of Wooster Athletics : Timken Gymnasium". Woosterathletics.com. Retrieved 2012-07-05.
  34. "2011 NCAA MEN'S BASKETBALL ATTENDANCE" (PDF). NCAA. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
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  39. "Top Programs in Intercollegiate Moot Court". www.acmamootcourt.org. Archived from the original on 2017-10-30. Retrieved 2017-10-29.
  40. "Results". www.acmamootcourt.org. Archived from the original on 2017-10-30. Retrieved 2017-10-29.
  41. "Regional Tournament Information | The College of Wooster". www.wooster.edu. Retrieved 2017-10-29.

Further reading
  • James R. Blackwood, The House on College Avenue: the Comptons at Wooster, 1891-1913 (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1968).
  • Lucy Lilian Notestein, Wooster of the Middle West (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1971).

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