California quail

The California quail (Callipepla californica), also known as the California valley quail or valley quail, is a small ground-dwelling bird in the New World quail family. These birds have a curving crest or plume, made of six feathers, that droops forward: black in males and brown in females; the flanks are brown with white streaks. Males have a dark brown cap and a black face with a brown back, a grey-blue chest and a light brown belly. Females and immature birds are mainly grey-brown with a light-colored belly. Their closest relative is Gambel's quail which has a more southerly distribution and, a longer crest at 2.5 in (6.4 cm), a brighter head and a scalier appearance. The two species separated about 1–2 million years ago, during the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene.[2] It is the state bird of California.

California quail
Adult male California quail in Point Reyes, CA (Round)

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Galliformes
Family: Odontophoridae
Genus: Callipepla
Species:
C. californica
Binomial name
Callipepla californica
(Shaw, 1798)
Range of C. californica

Taxonomy

Subspecies

There are seven recognized subspecies:

  • C. c. achrustera (Peters, 1923) – San Lucas California quail – southern Baja California
  • C. c. brunnescens (Ridgway, 1884) – extreme northern coastal California to southern Santa Cruz County
  • C. c. californica (Shaw, 1798) – northern Oregon and western Nevada to southern California and Coronado Islands
  • C. c. canfieldae (Van Rossem, 1939) – Owen Valley quail – Owens Valley of east central California
  • C. c. catalinensis (Grinnell, 1906) – Santa Catalina quail – Santa Catalina Island (off southern California)
  • C. c. orecta (Oberholser, 1932) – Warner Valley quail – Warner Valley in Oregon to extreme northern California
  • C. c. plumbea (Grinnell, 1926) – San Quintin California quail – San Diego County to southern Baja California

Behavior

The California quail is a highly sociable bird that often gathers in small flocks known as "coveys". One of their daily communal activities is a dust bath. A group of quail will select an area where the ground has been newly turned or is soft, and using their underbellies, will burrow downward into the soil some one to two inches. They then wriggle about in the indentations they have created, flapping their wings and ruffling their feathers, causing dust to rise in the air. They seem to prefer sunny places in which to create these dust baths. An ornithologist is able to detect the presence of quail in an area by spotting the circular indentations left behind in the soft dirt, some 7–15 cm (2.8–5.9 in) in diameter.

They are year-round residents. Although this bird coexists well at the edges of urban areas, it is declining in some areas as human populations increase. They were originally found mainly in the southwestern United States but they have been introduced into other areas including British Columbia, Hawaii, Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina, Peru, South Africa, New Zealand, and to Norfolk Island and King Island in Australia.[3] These birds forage on the ground, often scratching at the soil. They can sometimes be seen feeding at the sides of roads. Their diet consists mainly of seeds and leaves, but they also eat some berries and insects; for example, Toyon berries are a common food source.[4] If startled, these birds explode into short rapid flight, called "flushing". Given a choice, they will normally escape on foot.

Breeding
A California quail egg in the collection of Jacques Perrin de Brichambaut
A chick in Wellington, New Zealand (introduced species)

Their breeding habitat is shrubby areas and open woodlands in western North America. The nest is a shallow scrape lined with vegetation on the ground beneath a shrub or other cover. The female usually lays approximately 12 eggs. Once hatched, the young associate with both adults. Often, families group together, into multifamily "communal broods" which include at least two females, multiple males and many offspring. Males associated with families are not always the genetic fathers. In good years, females will lay more than one clutch, leaving the hatched young with the associated male and laying a new clutch, often with a different associated male.

They have a variety of vocalizations including the social "chicago" call, contact "pips" and warning "pips". During the breeding season, males utter the agonistic "squill" and will often interrupt their social mate's "chicago" call with a "squill," a possible form of antiphonal calling.

State bird

The California quail is the state bird of California. It was established as the state bird in 1932.[5]

The quail population has fluctuated significantly throughout California. Once plentiful in San Francisco, by 2017 only one California quail remained in the city. Local birders named the male bird Ishi after the last known member of California's Native American Yahi tribe.[6]

Feeding

The California quail eats insects, especially in summer, as well as plants. Unlike many other bird species, they require a high protein diet.

California quail and Mosquito-Borne encephalitis Viruses in California

The California quail is easily infected with western equine encephalomyelitis virus (WEEV). In California, the virus' appearance and quail infection coincided perfectly with the appearance of chicks in nature. In turn, this led researchers to hypothesize that large coveys containing these non-immune birds could be responsible for amplifying the virus in rural settings. However, experimental studies concluded that only immature birds were competent hosts for WEEV, which were able to produce viruses potent enough to infect Culex tarsalis mosquitos. Due to the abundance of the California quail, these birds may be the reason why WNV epidemics seem to occur significantly more frequently in urban and periurban areas than in rural landscapes.

  • A pair in New Zealand
  • A California quail pair
  • Californian quail chick
  • Male
  • Egg – MHNT
gollark: LAN: you have a link local address, which is specific to an interface and only routed on the LAN, and are automatically assigned a global one mostly.
gollark: Although some have NAT.
gollark: Think of all those people with only v6 connectivity. There are certainly a few of them. Mostly on really cheap VPSes and such because IPv4 addresses are a significant fraction of their cost.
gollark: Valid. However, apioforms MAY visit those who do not support IPv6.
gollark: It provides v6 over v4 tunnels.

References
  1. BirdLife International (2012). "Callipepla californica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. Zink, Robert M.; Blackwell, Rachelle C. (1998). "Molecular Systematics of the Scaled Quail complex (genus Callipepla)" (PDF). Auk. 115 (2): 394–403. doi:10.2307/4089198.
  3. Long, John L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World. Agricultural Protection Board of Western Australia, 21-493
  4. Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Stromberg, N. (ed.). "Toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia)". GlobalTwitcher. Archived from the original on 2009-07-19.
  5. "California State Bird: California Valley Quail". Netstate.com. Nstate. February 11, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
  6. "There's only 1 quail left in San Francisco, and cats are likely to blame". sfgate.com. SF Gate. November 5, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2020.

[1]

Further reading
  • Calkins, Jennifer D.; Hagelin, Julie C.; Lott, Dale F. (1999). "California Quail (Callipepla californica)". In Poole, A.; F.editorlink=Frank Gill (ornithologist) (eds.). The Birds of North America. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
  • Franks, Lee (September 2002). "California Quail" (PDF). Newsletter of the Friends of Edgewood Natural Preserve in San Mateo County, California. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-17. Retrieved 2014-01-16.
  • Leopold, A. Starker (1985). The California Quail. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05456-3.
  1. Reisen, William K. (2006). "Role of California (Callipepla californica) and Gambel's (Callipepla gambelii) Quail in the Ecology of Mosquito-Borne Encephalitis Viruses in California, USA". Vector-Role and Zoonotic Diseases. 6 (3): 248. doi:10.1089/vbz.2006.6.248. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
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