Buwal language
Buwal, also known as Ma Buwal, Bual, or Gadala, is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Cameroon in Far North Province in and around Gadala.[1]
| Buwal | |
|---|---|
| Gadala | |
| Native to | Cameroon |
| Region | Far North Province |
Native speakers | 10,000 (2004)[1] |
Afro-Asiatic
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bhs |
| Glottolog | buwa1243[2] |
Phonology
| Labial | Alveolar | Lateral alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labialized velar | Labial-velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ŋʷ | ŋm | ||
| Voiceless plosive | p | t | k | kʷ | kp | ||
| Voiced plosive | b | d | ɡ | ɡʷ | ɡb | ||
| Prenasalized plosive | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | ᵑɡʷ | ᵑᵐɡb | ||
| Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | |||||
| Voiceless affricate | ts | ||||||
| Voiced affricate | dz ⁿdz | ||||||
| Voiceless fricative | f | s | ɬ | x | xʷ | ||
| Voiceless fricative | v | z | ɮ | ɣ | ɣʷ | ||
| Flap | ⱱ | r | |||||
| Approximant | l | j | w |
The labiodental flap /ⱱ/ is marginal, only occurring in two native Buwal words. The labial-velar plosives are also marginal; in particular, /kp/ only occurs in one word, the ideophone kpaŋ.
Buwal has the vowels /ə a/, which can occur in high, middle, or low tone. Each vowel has a variety of phonetic realizations. /ə/ can occur as [i u ɪ ʏ ʊ], and /a/ can occur as [e o ɛ œ ɐ ɔ]. The schwa can be analyzed as a solely epenthetic vowel. These vowels occur as rounded allophones when adjacent to a labialized consonant, and as front vowels when the word is palatalized.
Palatalization in Buwal occurs across an entire word, and also affects the affricate consonants /ts dz ⁿdz/, which surface as [tʃ dʒ ⁿdʒ] in a palatalized word. As a result, all of the vowels within a single word are either front or back, producing vowel harmony. An example of this contrast is between [mɐ̄ⁿdʊ́wɐ́n] 'rat' (underlyingly /māⁿdwán/), which is non-palatalized, and [mɛ̀vɛ̄ɗvɛ̄ɗɛ̄ŋ] (underlyingly /màvāɗvāɗāŋ/) 'turtle', which is palatalized. This process does not affect loanwords, e.g. [nɛ̀bɐ̄m] 'oil' (from Fulfulde nebbam) or [lɛ̀kʷól] 'school' (from French l'école). Some loanwords have been modified to accommodate Buwal phonology, e.g. [sɐ́j] 'tea', from Fulfulde sha'i.[3]
Notes
- Buwal at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Buwal". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- Viljoen, Melanie Helen (2013). A grammatical description of the Buwal language (Ph.D. thesis). La Trobe University. hdl:1959.9/513436.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)