Brazilian Antarctica

Brazilian Antarctica (Portuguese: Antártida Brasileira or Antártica Brasileira) is the name of the Antarctic territory south of 60°S, and from 28°W to 53°W, proposed as "Zone of Interest" by geopolitical scholar Therezinha de Castro.[1][2][3] While the substance of that designation has never been precisely defined, it does not formally contradict the Argentine and British claims geographically overlapping with that zone (the zone shares a border but does not overlap with the Chilean Antarctic Territory to its west). The country formally expressed its reservations with respect to its territorial rights in Antarctica when it acceded to the Antarctic Treaty on 16 May 1975, making the first official mention of the Frontage Theory, which states (simplified) that sovereignty over each point in Antarctica properly belongs to the first country whose non-Antarctic territory one would reach when travelling north in a straight line from such a point.[4][5] The Frontage Theory (Teoria da Defrontação) was proposed by Brazilian geopolitical scholar Therezinha de Castro and published in her book Antártica: Teoria da Defrontação.

Brazilian Antarctica

Antártida Brasileira  (Portuguese)
Zone of Interest

Coordinates: 28°W 53°W
- Designated1986
Population
 • Summer
100
 • Winter
48
Area
- Summer
- Winter
—
—
WebsiteProAntar

Outside the zone of interest, Brazil maintains a permanently staffed research facility, the Comandante Ferraz Brazilian Antarctic Base (UN/LOCODE: AQ-CFZ), located in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, near the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, at 62°08′S 58°40′W. The peninsula is the northernmost, most accessible, and warmest part of the Antarctic continent and a number of countries, therefore, have research bases located on it.

History
Further information: Brazilian Antarctic Program
Former President of Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva during a visit to the Ferraz Station.

In 1982 the Brazilian government launched their first Antarctic expedition, and a year later built their first base (named Comandante Ferraz, for a deceased naval officer active in Antarctica), which has been active year-round since then. Despite their status as newcomers, Brazilian geopolitical writers have had considerable influence on the nation's Antarctic policies (especially during the period of military dictatorship under a series of unelected general/presidents from 1964 to 1985), although there is not a national Brazilian Antarctic consciousness similar to that of Argentina.

In February 1991, President Fernando Collor de Mello reaffirmed Brazil's interest in the region by visiting the Brazilian Antarctic base, where he spent three days. He was the first Brazilian president to set foot in the Antarctic.[6]

In January 2008, 13 congressmen members of the Brazilian Antarctica Parliamentary Committee visited the Brazilian Antarctic base.[7] Another visit by the members of Congress took place in January 2009.[8]

On February 16, 2008, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and a delegation of twenty-three people, including the First Lady Marisa Letícia, visited country's base in Antarctica. The Brazilian Government defined the presidential trip as a "political gesture" in support of the work displayed by Brazilian scientists and military personnel.[9][10]

In 2009 Brazil made its first national scientific expedition to the Antarctic ice sheet.[11][12] The expedition integrated atmospheric, glaciological, geological and geophysical studies along the Patriot Hills area and also along the subglacial lake Ellsworth area.[11] A second expedition is scheduled for early November 2011, when researchers will install a monitoring station (advanced outpost) 310 miles from the Geographic South Pole and 1,600 mi from the Comandante Ferraz Brazilian Antarctic Base (EACF).[13]

In the early morning of February 25, 2012, with 60 people at the base, a fire started by an estimated unjustified explosion in the Praça das Máquinas,, where the station's power generators are located. As it was linked to the rest of the facilities, the fire spread. A boatswain (Carlos Alberto Vieira Figueredo) and a first sergeant (Roberto Lopes dos Santos) were killed because they could not leave the site and a sergeant was injured but was taken alive to the Polish station where he received first aid and was later transferred to a Chilean base.[14]

In May 2015, it was announced that the company CEIEC (China Electronic Import and Export Corporation) was the winner of the tender to build the new Brazilian base in the Antarctic continent. The cost of the work was US$ 99.7 million and the initial forecast was that it would be completed in 2016. The reconstruction was not officially announced by the government until March 2016, and the initial forecast was that it would be completed in 2018. However, delays delayed the projected completion of the work until the summer of 2019 and its delivery in full operation by March 2020.[15]

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References

Notes
  1. Canadian Polar Commission - Meridian (p. 5) Canadian Polar Commission. Retrieved on 2010-10-23.
  2. It's not just science that's an experiment in Antarctica Exploratorium. Retrieved on 2010-10-23.
  3. World Statesmen.org: Antarctic Territorial Claims Worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved on 2010-10-23.
  4. La Antátida (p. 6) Archived 2016-04-10 at the Wayback Machine Asociación de Funcionarios y Empleados del Servicio Exterior Ecuatoriano. Retrieved on 2010-10-23. (in Spanish).
  5. O Projeto Brasileiro para a Antartica (p. 119) Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional. Retrieved on 2010-10-23. (in Portuguese).
  6. Brazil Warms to Job of Exploring the Frozen Continent Antarctica: President Collor pays a visit, pointing up the country's interest in the bottom of the world Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on 2009-07-15.
  7. Parlamentares que visitaram a Antártida já estão no Brasil. Chamber of Deputies of Brazil. Retrieved on 2009-07-15. (in Portuguese)
  8. Deputados visitam Antártida para conhecer pesquisas na região Chamber of Deputies of Brazil. Retrieved on 2009-07-15. (in Portuguese)
  9. President Lula da Silva visits Brazilian base in Antarctica MercoPress. Retrieved on 2009-07-15.
  10. Lula Visits a Piece of Brazil in Antarctica and Gets Emotional Archived September 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Brazzil Magazine. Retrieved on 2009-07-15.
  11. Brazil: 2009/2010 Annual Information (Brazilian National Multidisciplinary Expedition to the Antarctic Ice Sheet: investigating the cryospheric response to global changes) Antarctic Treaty System. Retrieved on 2010-10-23.
  12. Brasil instalará puesto avanzado en interior de la Antártida Fundación Nuestro Mar. Retrieved on 2010-10-23. (in Spanish).
  13. Pesquisadores brasileiros preparam 2ª expedição à Antártica Governo Brasileiro. Retrieved on 2010-10-23. (in Portuguese).
  14. "Incêndio destruiu 70% do centro de pesquisa, diz Marinha - Geral". Estadão (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  15. "Pesquisas geofísicas realizadas na Antártica e a Reconstrução da "Estação Antártica Comandante Ferraz (EACF)"". epbr (in Portuguese). 2018-08-01. Retrieved 2020-08-12.

Bibliography
  • Castro, Therezinha. "Antárctica: Assunto do Momento". Revista de Clube Militar (Brazil), 1958.
  • Castro, Therezinha. Atlas-Texto de Geopolítica do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Capemi Editora, 1982.
  • Child, Jack. Antarctica and South American Geopolitics: Frozen Lebensraum. New York: Praeger, 1988, Chapter 6.
  • Coelho, Aristides Pinto. "Novas tendências". Boletim Antártico, no. 4, Jan 1985.
  • Dodds, Klaus. Geopolitics in Antarctica : views from the Southern Oceanic Rim. Chichester ; New York : Published in association with Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge by J. Wiley, 1997.
  • Moneta, Carlos J., ed. La Antártida en el Sistema Internacional del Futuro. Buenos Aires: Grupo Editor Lationoamericano, 1988.
  • Schmied, Julie. La Política Antárctica de los Países Latinoamericanos. Madrid: Instituto de Cuestiones Internacionales, 1988.
  • WorldStatesmen - Antarctica
  • Flags of the World - Antarctica
  • Map showing Brazilian Antarctica
  • Antarctica, But Sliced Differently
  • W.L. de Freitas, A Antártica no contexto do Sistema Interamericano e a paz nas Américas, Colégio Interamericano de Defesa, Washington, D.C.

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