Boston Athenæum

The Boston Athenæum is one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States. It is also one of a number of membership libraries,[2] for which patrons pay a yearly subscription fee to use Athenæum services. The institution was founded in 1807 by the Anthology Club of Boston, Massachusetts.[3] It is located at 10 1/2 Beacon Street on Beacon Hill.

Boston Athenæum
CountryUnited States
TypePrivate
Established1807
LocationBoston, Massachusetts
Coordinates42°21′28.96″N 71°3′43.77″W
Branches1
Collection
Size500,000+
Access and use
Circulation17,725 (FY 2016)
Population served4,345 (Membership, 2016)
Other information
DirectorLeah Rosovsky
Staff67
Websitebostonathenaeum.org
Map
The Boston Athenæum building today, as designed by Edward Clarke Cabot with additions by Henry Forbes Bigelow
Location10-1/2 Beacon Street, Boston, Massachusetts
Built1847
ArchitectEdward Clarke Cabot; Bigelow & Wadsworth
Architectural styleNeoclassical, Renaissance Revival
Websitebostonathenaeum.org
Part ofBeacon Hill Historic District (ID66000130)
NRHP reference No.66000132
Significant dates
Added to NRHPOctober 15, 1966[1]
Designated NHLDecember 21, 1965
Designated CPOctober 15, 1966

Resources of the Boston Athenæum include a large circulating book collection; a public gallery; a rare books collection of over 100,000 volumes; an art collection of 100,000 paintings, sculptures, prints, drawings, photographs, and decorative arts; research collections including one of the world's most important collections of primary materials on the American Civil War; and a public forum offering lectures, readings, concerts, and other events. Special treasures include the largest portion of President George Washington's library from Mount Vernon; Houdon busts of Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Lafayette once owned by Thomas Jefferson; a first edition copy of Audubon's The Birds of America; a 1799 set of Goya's Los caprichos; portraits by Gilbert Stuart, Chester Harding, and John Singer Sargent; and one of the most extensive collections of contemporary artists' books in the United States.[4]

The Boston Athenæum is also known for the many prominent writers, scholars, and politicians who have been members, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Louisa May Alcott, Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., John Quincy Adams, Margaret Fuller, Francis Parkman, Amy Lowell, John F. Kennedy, and Edward M. Kennedy.

History

19th Century

In 1803, a young Harvard graduate by the name of Phineas Adams established the magazine The Monthly Anthology, or Magazine of Polite Literature. Adams left the New England area in 1804, having insufficient funds to continue the periodical; however, the printers Munroe and Francis convinced other young men to contribute to and continue the magazine under the new title of The Monthly Anthology and Boston Review. By 1805, these young men founded the Anthology Society.

William Smith Shaw, librarian (c. 1807-1823)

The Boston Athenæum was founded in 1807 by members of the Anthology Society, literary individuals who began with a plan to have a reading room. The first librarian, William Smith Shaw, and the new trustees had ambitious plans for the Athenæum, basing their vision on the Athenæum and Lyceum in Liverpool, England. Their vision was expanded to include a library encompassing books in all subjects in English and foreign languages, a gallery of sculptures and paintings, collections of coins and natural curiosities, and even a laboratory. This ambitious design has developed over the past two hundred years with some changes in focus (e.g., there is no chemistry lab) but remaining true to the ideal expressed in the institution's seal, chosen in 1814: Literarum fructus dulces, meaning "Sweet are the Fruits of Letters."

The first yearly subscriptions were sold for ten dollars; only members were allowed to enter the Athenæum's rooms, although they could bring guests. The Athenæum's collections were initially non-circulating, meaning that even members could not check out books to take home.[5]

At first, the Boston Athenæum rented rooms, then in 1809 bought a small house adjacent to the King's Chapel Burying Ground, and in 1822 moved into a mansion on Pearl Street, where a lecture hall and gallery space were added within four years.

In 1823, Shaw stepped down as librarian, and the King's Chapel Library and the Theological Library belonging to the Boston Association of Ministers were deposited in the Athenæum. Work was begun on a shelf catalog in 1827. That same year, the art gallery was established, and the first annual exhibition opened. Measures were undertaken in 1830 to turn the collections into a circulating library. Once the Athenæum became a circulating library, only four books were allowed to be checked out at a time.

Interior of the Athenæum, 10½ Beacon Street, c. 1855 (Southworth & Hawes)

10½ Beacon Street

By the early 1840s, Boston was a fast-growing city, and Pearl Street was built up commercially, with warehouses crowding around the Athenæum building. The trustees moved to construct a new building in order to facilitate access to the Athenæum. Land was acquired on Beacon Street overlooking the Old Granary Burying Ground, and the cornerstone was laid in 1847.

In 1849, the current location opened at 10½ Beacon Street. It was the first space designed for the Boston Athenæum's specific needs. The first floor held the sculpture gallery; the second, the library; and the third, the paintings gallery.

The architect was Edward Clarke Cabot, an artist and dilettante whose design was selected because his ingenious arch over graves in the Granary Burial Ground allowed more space on all floors above the basement level. The neo-Palladian façade of "Patterson sandstone" was unique in Boston and remains so today.

The Boston Athenæum included sculptures by John Frazee.

Cutter Expansive Classification
Charles Ammi Cutter, librarian (c. 1869)

Charles Ammi Cutter became librarian in 1869, succeeding William Frederick Poole. Until this point, work had been uninspired on the comprehensive catalog of the library's holdings. The Athenæum's exhibition area opened up when the Museum of Fine Arts moved the collections into their own space overlooking Copley Square. Cutter took advantage of the space, using it to spread out the collections and to revise and complete the five-volume catalog. He created his own classification system, known as Expansive Classification, in order to revise and finish the five-volume catalog. Later, the Cutter system became the basis for the Library of Congress classification system; the sections of call number used to alphabetically designate authors’ names are still known as "Cutter numbers" in the Library of Congress system.

Establishment of Museum of Fine Arts

Many of the Trustees at the Boston Athenæum participated in the movement to create a separate museum in Boston. In the years 1872–1876, Boston's Museum of Fine Arts exhibited in the Athenæum's gallery space while waiting for construction of its building to be complete. There would be no more annual exhibitions; shelves were installed and the library spread to the first and third floors.

20th and 21st Centuries

In 1913–1914, the Boston Athenæum employed the architectural firm of Bigelow and Wadsworth to expand the building. The fourth and fifth floors were set back so as not to disrupt the symmetry of the façade. This renovation fireproofed the building and expanded the space, including addition of the beautiful fifth floor reading room and the fourth floor Trustees’ Room. At the same time, much-needed shelving was installed in the form of a drum stack—that is, a ten-story Snead stack occupying a semi-circular space from the basement to the third floor.

The Boston Athenæum was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966. Between 1999 and 2002, the Boston Athenæum undertook a major renovation to update its climate control system, gain more space for books, and add new gallery space on the first floor.

In May 2020, Leah Rosovsky was appointed as Stanford Calderwood Director of the Athenæum.[6]

Notable members

Mission statement

The mission of the Boston Athenæum is to engage all who seek knowledge by making accessible the library's collections and spaces, thereby inspiring reflection, discourse, creative expression, and joy.

Holdings

The Athenæum's holdings currently include over 600,000 volumes, and the collections' strengths focus on Boston and New England history, biography, British and American literature, as well as fine and decorative arts. The Boston Athenæum's rare and circulating books, maps and manuscripts reflect the collecting interests of the Library as it has narrowed its focus from encyclopedic in the 19th century to an emphasis on the humanities and its large, historic collection of art includes paintings, sculpture, prints, photographs, and decorative arts. Over 260 book funds, the oldest and largest of which was endowed by John Bromfield, Jr.. in 1845, support the addition of more than 3,000 volumes per year to the collection.

Printed Catalogs

In addition to catalogs of special collections such as the catalog of the Washington Collection,[7] the Athenæum printed the following general-purpose catalogs of books in its collection[8]:92–94 before creating a card catalog in 1903:

  • 1810 Catalogue of the books in the Boston Athenæum. 267 pp. 8°
  • 1827 Catalogue of books in the Boston Athenaeum : to which are added the by-laws of the institution, and a list of its proprietors and subscribers. 356 pp. 8°
  • 1830 Catalogue of books added to the Boston Athenæum since the publication of the catalogue in January 1827. 64 pp. 8°
  • 1831 Catalogue of tracts, scientific and alphabetical index. 5 v.
  • 1834 Catalogue of books added to the Boston Athenæum in 1830–1833. 80 pp. 8°
  • 1840 Catalogue of books added to the Boston Athenæum, since the publication of the catalogue in January, 1827. 179 pp. 8°
  • 1849 Shelf Lists, 1849.
  • 1863–1868 List of books added to the library of the Boston Athenæum. 6 v. 8°
  • 1868–1871 List of books added to the library of the Boston Athenæum. 17 nos. 8°
  • 1877–1896 List of additions. Second Series. No. 1–354. September 1, 187 to March 2, 1896. 1472 pp. sm. 4°
  • 1874 Catalogue of the library of the Boston Athenæum. 1807–1871. 5 v. 3402 pp. l. 8°

The first catalog, that of 1810, was compiled by the Rev. Joseph McKean.

Digital Collections

The Athenæum has digitized a wide range of its holdings, and continues to do so. The digitized holdings are described on-line and are an effort to make them more accessible to researchers, students, Athenæum members, and scholars.[9]

A few examples from the many collections in the digital library:

Since 2013 The Athenæum has made its extensive on-going lecture series available to a wider audience through Vimeo, an open video platform.[17]

Rare Books & Manuscripts Collections

A few examples of the special collections:[18]

The collections include many areas that are not documented elsewhere, e.g, the newspapers from the Confederate States of America Imprint Collection

  • Athenæum, Pearl Street
  • Athenæum, Pearl Street
  • Interior, 1855
  • Interior, 1855
  • Boston Athenaeum, Beacon Street, c. 1855
  • Sumner staircase, c. 1880s
  • Statuary gallery, 19th century
  • 1905
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See also

References
  1. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
  2. Walter Muir Whitehill, Independent Historical Societies: An Enquiry into Their Research and Publication Functions and Their Financial Future. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962.
  3. Boston Athenaeum. Change and Continuity: A Pictorial History of the Boston Athenaeum. Boston: Boston Athenaeum, 1976.
  4. Stanley Ellis Cushing and David B. Dearinger, Acquired Tastes: 200 Years of Collection for the Boston Athenæum. Boston:Boston Athenæum, 2006.
  5. For context, see: List of libraries in 19th-century Boston, Massachusetts
  6. Kohli, Diti (6 May 2020). "Veteran Harvard administrator will lead the Boston Athenaeum". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2020-05-19.
  7. Appleton P.C. Griffin and William Coolidge Lane, A catalog of the Washington collection at the Boston Athenæum; compiled and annotated by Appleton P.C. Griffin : with an appendix, The inventory of Washington's books drawn up by the appraisers of his estate; with notes in regard to the full titles of the several books, and the later history and present ownership of those not in the Athenæum collection. Boston: The Boston Athenæum, 1897.
  8. Charles Bolton, The Influence and History of the Boston Athenaeum from 1807 to 1907 with a Record of its Officers and Benefactors and a Complete List of its Proprietors. Boston: The Boston Athenaeum, 1907
  9. Digital Collections at the Boston Athenaeum
  10. Schoolcraft Collection of Books in Native American Languages
  11. Stamps from the Confederate States of America Collection
  12. Currency from the Confederate States of America Collection
  13. Financial documents from the Confederate States of America Collection
  14. Art Deco Designs by Cartier
  15. Rare Bookbindings from the Library of George Washington
  16. http://cdm.bostonathenaeum.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p16057coll2
  17. Boston Athenaeums Videos
  18. Rare Books & Manuscripts

Further reading
  • William Smith Shaw, Memoir of the Boston Athenæum with the Act of Incorporation and Organization of the Institution. Boston, MA: Munroe & Francis, 1807.Google books
  • Josiah Quincy III, The History of the Boston Athenæum, with Biographical Notices of its Deceased Founders. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Metcalf and Company, 1851. Google books
  • The Athenæum Centenary, The Influence and History of the Boston Athenæum from 1807 to 1907 with a Record of its Officers and Benefactors and a Complete List of Proprietors. Boston, The Boston Athenæum, 1907. Google books
  • Robert F. Perkins, Jr. & William J. Gavin III, editors, The Boston Athenæum Art Exhibition Index, 1827-1874. Boston, MA: The Boston Athenæum, 1980.
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