Black Sea Shipyard

The Black Sea Shipyard (Ukrainian: Чорноморський суднобудівний завод; Russian: Черноморский судостроительный завод) is located in Mykolaiv, Ukraine. It was founded in 1895 by Belgian interests and began building warships in 1901. At the beginning of World War I in 1914, it was one of the largest industrial facilities in the Russian Empire. The shipyard was moribund until the Soviets began building up the fleet in the 1930s and it began building surface warships as well as submarines. The yard was badly damaged during World War II and took several years to be rebuilt. Surface warship construction temporarily ended in the mid-1950s before being revived in the mid-1960s and submarines were last built in the yard in late 1950s. The Black Sea Shipyard built all of the aircraft carrying ships of the USSR and Russia and continues to build large commercial ships.

Black Sea Shipyard
Shipyard
IndustryShipbuilding
PredecessorsNikolayev Shipbuilding, Mechanical, and Iron Works; Associated Nikolayev (Naval) Shipyard; Andre Marti (South) Yard (Shipyard No. 198); Shipyard No. 444 (in the name of I. I. Nosenko); Chernomorsky Shipyard
Founded1895 (1895) in Mykolaiv (at the time known as Nikolayev), Russian Empire
Headquarters
Mykolaiv 
,
Ukraine 
ParentUkroboronprom
Websitewww.chsz.biz/ 
Ukraine Shipyards
There are three shipyards located in Mykolaiv: Black Sea Shipyard, Okean Shipyard, and Mykolayiv.

History

In 1895, the shipyard was established as the Association of Shipyards and Foundry Works (Russian: Obshchestvo sudostroitel'nykh i liteinykh zavodov)––a Belgian-owned company and began building warships in 1901. It was merged with the Black Sea Mechanical and Foundry Works (Russian: Chernomorskii mekhanicheskii i liteinyi zavod) in 1908 and was renamed Associated Nikolaev Shipbuilding, Mechanical and Iron Works (Russian: Nikolaevskoe obshchestvo sudostroitel'nykh, mekhanicheskikh i liteinykh zavodov) in 1908. It came under the control of Share Society Nikolaev Works and Shipyards (Russian: Aktsionernoe obshchstvo Nikolaevskikh zavodov i verfei (ONZiV)) in 1911 and was nicknamed the "Naval Shipyard". Around this time it was supported by the British armaments company of Vickers Limited. By 1914 the shipyard employed some 10,400 workers, which made it one of the largest industrial firms in Russia.[1][2][3]

After the war, it was renamed the Black Sea Shipbuilding Works (Russian: Chernomorskii sudostroitel'nyi zavod) when it came under the control of the Bolsheviks. During the 1930s it was renamed in honor of André Marti and became the Marti (South) Yard. On 30 December 1936, the yard was redesignated as Shipyard No. 198 (named for Marti).[1] During these early years, the yard constructed surface warships and Dekabrist-class submarines.

In January 1938, the Chairman of the People’s Commissar Council, declared the following:[4]

Our mighty Soviet power must have such a sea and ocean fleet that would comply with her interests and would be worthy of our great mission.

— V.M. Molotov

It was then the government introduced the 10-year Big Shipbuilding Program. The plan included the construction of battleships and heavy cruisers which would represent the ocean might and strength of the country.[4]

On 19 October 1940, the government decided to terminate battleship and heavy cruiser construction. It was ordered to concentrate all their efforts on small-size and medium-size warship construction. However, the completion of ships of various previously laid down classes continued. On the whole, the Soviet shipbuilding was once again re-directed for submarine and light surface ship construction. Nevertheless,[4] by the 1950s, an estimated 65 Whiskey-class submarines, Sverdlov-class light cruisers,[5] and the Stalingrad-class battlecruiser were built.

During the 1960s, the Moskva-class helicopter carriers and the Kiev-class VSTOL aircraft carrying cruisers were constructed.[5] The fourth Kiev-class, Admiral Gorshkov, was launched in 1982 and later, in 1985, the first Kuznetsov-class, Admiral Kuznetsov, was launched. The Admiral Kuznetsov's hull design is based on the Admiral Gorshkov but is larger with a full load displacement, 58,500 tons as compared to Admiral Gorshkov's 40,400 tons.[6] KH-11 satellite photographs of the construction of the Admiral Kuznetsov were leaked to Jane's Defence Weekly in 1985 by Samuel Loring Morison, a naval intelligence analyst with the U.S. Navy.

Commercial ships and naval auxiliaries were, and continue to be constructed there. Commercial ships are primarily dry-cargo ships, fish-factory ships, and large trawlers.[5] In the late 1970s, the shipyard constructed two large trawlers for the State Committee of Fisheries of Ukraine.[7]

Facilities and Services
Shipbuilding dock (c. 1900)

The State joint stock company Chernomorsudoproekt is one of the leading ship design firms in Ukraine. The firm was founded in 1956 around the design personnel of Nikolayev shipbuilding enterprises.[7] The enterprise has built and exported vessels to Sweden, Bulgaria, Norway, Romania, Great Britain, Germany, Portugal, Kuwait, India and Greece.[8]

The shipyard has two main areas covering 500 acres (2.0 km2). The first slipway (No. 0) has end-launch building ways and blocking docks. The second is a horizontal building slip (No. 1) with a covered launch.[8]

Length Width Lifting Capacity
Slipway No. 0330 meters (1,080 ft)40 meters (130 ft) Two Kone(cranes) gantry cranes each capable of lifting up to 900 800 tons
Slipway No. 1400 meters (1,300 ft)18 meters (59 ft)Horizontal, launching effected with the help of floating dock
Floating dock120 meters (390 ft)41.5 meters (136 ft)Up to 7,500 tons
3 quays860 meters (2,820 ft) total-Portal cranes with a lifting capacity of 25-40 tons
An artist's impression of the aircraft carrier Ulyanovsk under construction

The largest slipway (No.0) is capable of constructing tankers, bulk carriers, supply vessels, and roll-on/roll-off ships.[7] There is also a high-capacity pre-slipway area of 14,000 square meters (150,000 sq ft), where blocks up to 1,500 metric tons (1,500 long tons; 1,700 short tons) can be assembled.[8]

The second slipway (No.1) is a flow-position line, which is located in the sheltered slipway and is actually a closed-loop autonomous production line. Launching of vessels is effected with the help of the floating dock. The final fitting-out is performed near the South outfitting quay which is 546 meters (1,791 ft).[8]

The shipyard consists of several workshops to include: the slipway workshop, assembly and welding workshop, plating workshop, and an outfitting workshop.[7] The assembly and welding workshop is capable of manufacturing flat and volumetric sections up to 180 metric tons (180 long tons; 200 short tons).[7]

According to their public website, the shipyard also includes:[8]

  • Specialized services to include the manufacturing of propeller shafts with length up to 30 meters (98 ft) and the manufacturing of unit-cast and welded anchor chains.
  • A multi-branch network of 43 kilometers (27 mi) of railways and 29 kilometers (18 mi) of roads.
  • Tug boats capable of 60 ton bollard pull which can provide escort services to tankers up to 70,000 DWT in the narrow waters.

As of 2008 the shipyard is a major enterprise consisting of shipbuilding, machine-building, and metallurgy. The shipyard has its own design center with a qualified engineering staff and modern computer equipment. Their integrated shipbuilding system (FORAN) includes computer-aided design (CAD), engineering (CAE), and manufacturing (CAM) of vessels.[8]

Notable vessels

There were many notable vessels constructed in this shipyard. The table below lists many of these vessels to include when they were laid and launched.

Notable vessels[5][9]
Imperial Russian Navy (1696–1917) • Soviet Navy (1917–1991)
Name Laid down Launched Class (NATO) Type
Krab 1908? 1912 - Submarine minelayer
Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya 1911 1914 Imperatritsa Mariya Battleship
Revolutsioner 1927 1929 Dekabrist Submarine
Spartakovets 1927 1929
Yakobinets 1927 1929
Bodry ? 1936 Gnevnyy Destroyer
Bystry ? 1936
Boyky ? 1936
Voroshilov 1936 1939 Kirov (Project 26) Heavy cruiser
Sovetskaya Ukraina 1938 Destroyed Sovetskiy Soyuz (Project 23) Battleship
Svobodny ? 1942? Soobrazitelnyy Destroyer
Kuybyshev 1939 1950 Chapayev (Project 68) Light cruiser
Stalingrad 1949 Cancelled Stalingrad (Project 82) Battlecruiser
Admiral Nakhimov 1950 1951 Sverdlov (Project 68B) Light cruiser
Mikhail Kutuzov 1951 1952
Moskva 1962 1965 Moskva (CVHG) Helicopter carrier
Leningrad 1962 1965
Akademik Sergei Korolev ? 1970 Korolev Space Control-Monitoring
Kiev 1970 1972 Kiev Aircraft carrier
Minsk 1972 1975
Novorossiysk 1975 1978
Admiral Gorshkov[10] 1978 1982
Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union N.G. Kuznetsov[11] 1983 1985 Kuznetsov
Varyag[12] 1985 1988
Ulyanovsk 1988 Cancelled Ulyanovsk

Notes: NATO class only shown if applicable; classes of vessels launched before 1949 are provided as originally designated. Most vessel names provided is the name given when launched–some ships may have since been renamed.

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See also

Notes
  1. Harrison, et al.
  2. Breyer, pp. 147–48
  3. Polmar & Noor, p. 326
  4. The Soviet Navy at the Outbreak and During the Great Patriotic War: Introduction, RusNavy.com Online (Retrieved 6/9/2008)
  5. Polmar, pp. 405–06
  6. Kuznetsov Class (Type 1143.5) Heavy Aircraft Carrying Cruiser, Russia, Naval-technology.com, (Accessed 6/4/2008), SPG Media PLC
  7. Chernomorsky Plant, GlobalSecurity.org Website, (Accessed 6/4/2008)
  8. Official Chernomorsky Shipbuilding Yard Website
  9. Black Sea Fleet Information Resource Online
  10. Originally Baku, later sold to India as INS Vikramaditya
  11. Originally Riga then renamed Leonid Brezhnev in 1990
  12. sold incomplete to the PRC, commissioned as Liaoning

Bibliography
  • Breyer, Siegfried (1992). Soviet Warship Development: Volume 1: 1917-1937. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-604-3.
  • Harrison, Mark; Cooper, Julian; Dexter, Keith; Rodionov, Ivan (2003). The Numbered Factories and Other Establishments of the Soviet Defence Industry Complex, 1927 to 1968, Part I, Factories & Shipyards (Version 8 ed.). Warwick, UK: University of Warwick, Department of Economics.
  • Polmar, Norman (1983). Guide to the Soviet Navy (3rd ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-239-7.
  • Polmar, Norman & Noot, Jurrien (1991). Submarines of the Russian and Soviet Navies, 1718–1990. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-570-1.
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