British Aerospace

British Aerospace plc (BAe) was a British aircraft, munitions and defence-systems manufacturer. Its head office was at Warwick House in the Farnborough Aerospace Centre in Farnborough, Hampshire.[1] Formed in 1977, in 1999 it purchased Marconi Electronic Systems, the defence electronics and naval shipbuilding subsidiary of the General Electric Company plc, to form BAE Systems.

This article is about the former company British Aerospace. For its successor, see BAE Systems.

British Aerospace plc
State-owned company (1977–1980)
Public limited company (1980–1999)
IndustryAerospace
FateMerged with Marconi Electronic Systems
PredecessorBritish Aircraft Corporation
Hawker Siddeley
Scottish Aviation
SuccessorBAE Systems
Founded29 April 1977 (1977-04-29)
Defunct30 November 1999 (1999-11-30)
Headquarters
Farnborough, Hampshire
,
United Kingdom
ProductsAircraft
SubsidiariesRover Group (1988–1994)
Websitebae.co.uk (archived)

History

1977 to 1997

The company was formed in the United Kingdom as a statutory corporation on 29 April 1977 as a result of the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act. This called for the nationalisation and merger of the British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics and Scottish Aviation. In 1979 BAe officially joined Airbus, the UK having previously withdrawn support for the consortium in April 1969.

In accordance with the provisions of the British Aerospace Act 1980 on 1 January the statutory corporation was transferred to a limited company, which then re-registered as a public limited company (plc), under the name "British Aerospace Public Limited Company", on 2 January 1981.[2]

BAe was privatised in two main phases, as follows:

  • February 1981 – 51.6% shares of the company. The public sale was 3.5 times subscribed and at the end of the first day's trading, share prices were 14% above the original offer price.[3]
  • May 1985 – 48.4% shares were sold. The sale was 5.4 times subscribed and the first day closing price was 11% above the initial offer price.[3]

The British Government maintained a £1 golden share which allows it to veto foreign control of the board or company.[4]

On 26 September 1985, the UK and Saudi Arabian governments signed the Al-Yamamah arms deal with BAe as prime contractor. The contracts, extended in the 1990s and never fully detailed, involved the supply of Panavia Tornado strike and air defence aircraft, Hawk trainer jets, Rapier missile systems, infrastructure works and naval vessels. The Al Yamamah deals are valued at anything up to £20 billion and still continue to provide a large percentage of BAE Systems' profits.

In 1986, With Alenia Aeronautica, CASA and DASA, BAe formed Eurofighter GmbH for the development of the Eurofighter Typhoon.

On 22 April 1987, BAe acquired Royal Ordnance, the British armaments manufacturer, for £190 million. Heckler & Koch GmbH was folded into this division when BAe acquired it in 1991.

In 1988, BAe purchased the Rover Group from the British government of Margaret Thatcher.

In 1991, BAe acquired a 30% interest in Hutchison Telecommunications through a stock swap deal, where Hutchison was given a controlling stake of 65% in BAe's wholly owned subsidiary – Microtel Communications Ltd.[5][6][7] In August 1991, BAe formed a naval systems joint venture, BAeSEMA, with the Sema Group.[5] BAe acquired Sema's 50% share in 1998. 1991 also saw BAe begin to experience major difficulties. BAe saw its share price fall below 100p for the first time. On 9 September 1991, the company issued a profits warning and later that week "bungled" the launch of a £432 million rights issue.[8] On 25 September 1991 BAe directors led by CEO Richard Evans ousted the Chairman Professor Sir Roland Smith in a move described by The Independent as "one of the most spectacular and brutal boardroom coups witnessed in many years."[9] Evans described the troubles as a confluence of events:[10]

"our property company [Arlington Securities] was hit with a lousy market. Sales of the Rover Group sank by about a fifth and losses mounted. The government's defence spending volumes underwent a major review. Losses in our commercial aerospace division increased dramatically with the recession in the airline industry."

In 1992, BAe formed Avro RJ Regional Jets to produce the Avro RJ series, an evolution of the BAe 146. In mid-1992 BAe wrote off £1 billion of assets, largely as part of redundancies and restructuring of its regional aircraft division.[11] This was largest asset write-off in UK corporate history. The General Electric Company (GEC), later to sell its defence interests to BAe, came close to acquiring BAe at this time.[11] BAe cut 47% of its workforce (60,000 out of 127,000), 40,000 of which were from the regional aircraft division.

Evans decided to sell non-core business activities which included The Rover Group, Arlington Securities, BAe Corporate Jets, BAe Communications and Ballast Nedam. Although the rationale of diversification was sound (to shield the company from cyclical aerospace and defence markets) the struggling company could not afford to continue the position: "We simply could not afford to carry two core businesses, cars and aerospace. At one point Rover was eating up about £2 billion of our banking capacity."[12] BAe Corporate Jets Ltd and Arkansas Aerospace Inc were sold to Raytheon in 1993. In 1994 the Rover Group was sold to BMW and British Aerospace Space Systems was sold to Matra Marconi Space. In 1998 BAe's shareholding of Orange plc was reduced to 5%.[6] The Orange shareholding was a legacy of the 30% stake in Hutchison Telecommunications (UK) Ltd.

BAeSEMA, Siemens Plessey and GEC-Marconi formed UKAMS Ltd in 1994 as part of the Principal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS) consortium. UKAMS would become a wholly owned subsidiary of BAe Dynamics in 1998. In 1995 Saab Military Aircraft and BAe signed an agreement for the joint development and marketing of the export version of the JAS 39 Gripen. In 1996 BAe and Matra Defense agreed to merge their missile businesses into a joint venture called Matra BAe Dynamics. In 1997 BAe joined the Lockheed Martin X-35 Joint Strike Fighter team. The company acquired the UK operations of Siemens Plessey Systems (SPS) in 1998 from Siemens AG. DASA purchased SPS' German assets.[13][14]

Transition to BAE Systems: 1997 to 1999

Defence consolidation became a major issue in 1998, with numerous reports linking various European defence groups – mainly with each other but also with American defence contractors. It was widely anticipated that BAe would merge with Germany's DASA to form a pan-European aerospace giant. A merger deal was negotiated between Richard Evans and DASA CEO Jürgen Schrempp.[15] However, when it became clear that GEC was selling its defence electronics business Marconi Electronic Systems, Evans put the DASA merger on hold in favour of purchasing Marconi. Evans stated in 2004 that his fear was that an American defence contractor would acquire Marconi and challenge both BAe and DASA. Schrempp was angered by Evans' actions and chose instead to merge DASA with Aerospatiale to create the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS). This group was joined by Spain's CASA following an agreement in December 1999.

The GEC merger to create a UK company compared to what would have been an Anglo-German firm, made the possibility of further penetration of the United States (US) defence market more likely. The company, initially called "New British Aerospace", was officially formed on 30 November 1999 and known as BAE Systems.[16]

Products

BAe was the UK's largest exporter, a Competition Commission report gives a ten-year aggregate figure of £45 billion, with defence sales accounting for approximately 80%.[17]

Aircraft production
An example of a wing of the first Airbus model, the A300
A buzz BAe 146-300
A BAe built Eurofighter development aircraft

Airliner wing production

Missiles

Unmanned Air Vehicles

Space hardware

Security Systems
  • CONDOR CONtraband DetectOR
  • Vehicle Cargo X-Ray Systems

Corruption investigation and criticisms
Main article: Al-Yamamah arms deal

There have been allegations that the Al Yamamah contracts were a result of bribes ("douceurs") to members of the Saudi royal family and government officials. Some allegations suggested that the former Prime Minister's son Mark Thatcher may have been involved; he has strongly denied receiving payments or exploiting his mother's connections in his business dealings.[18] The UK National Audit Office investigated the contracts and has so far never released its conclusions – the only NAO report ever to be withheld. The BBC's Newsnight observed that it is ironic that the once classified report analysing the construction of MI5's Thames House and MI6's Vauxhall Cross headquarters has been released, but the Al Yamamah report is still deemed too sensitive.

The 2007 documentary film Welcome Aboard Toxic Airlines contained evidence that vital data was withheld from a 1999–2000 Australian Senate Inquiry into the health and flight safety issues relating to oil fumes on the BAe 146. The film also contains an Australian Senator speech about money being paid by BAe for silence on the fumes issue.

gollark: Unless you're me. I have an exemption.
gollark: If you stand RIGHT BESIDE it it activates self-defense protoĸols.
gollark: It's a GTech product.
gollark: ĸeænu
gollark: <@178948413851697152> The traffic light turtle runs potatOS!

See also

References
  1. "Sites." British Aerospace. Retrieved 31 August 2011. "British Aerospace plc Warwick House, Farnborough Aerospace Centre, Farnborough, Hampshire GU14 6YU."
  2. Certificate of Incorporation on Re-Registration as Public Limited Company
  3. "British Aerospace UK Heritage".
  4. "Written Answers — British Aerospace". Hansard. 17 December 1980. Retrieved 23 March 2008. col. 179
  5. "The Facts : 2004" (PDF). na.baesystems.com. p. 107. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 January 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
  6. "BAe's record-breaking sterling Eurobond issue" (PDF). 22 June 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
  7. "History of Cellular services". licensing.ofcom.org.uk. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
  8. Betts, Paul (26 September 1991). "Leader toppled by unstoppable momentum". The Financial Times. The Financial Times Limited. p. 28.
  9. Harrison, Michael (26 September 1991). "Roland Smith ousted by boardroom coup at BAe". The Independent. Newspaper Publishing plc. p. 1.
  10. Evans, Richard (1999). Vertical Take-off, p. 2. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing. ISBN 1-85788-245-8.
  11. Stone, Chris (16 September 1993). "BAe soars out of the red". The Herald. Caledonian Newspapers Ltd. pp. 3, 7. Retrieved 7 December 2006.
  12. Evans, Richard (1999). Vertical Take-off, p. 6. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing. ISBN 1-85788-245-8.
  13. Karin Backlund; Madelene Sandstrom (August 1996). The Integration of Acquired Companies Into the Defence Industry: Experiences from Western Europe. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7881-4859-0.
  14. "'The DECCA Legacy' A view from inside the RADAR company -DECCA - BAE SYSTEMS (1949 - 2009)". Retrieved 16 July 2012.
  15. Spiegel, Peter (17 July 2004). "End of an era at BAE: how Sir Richard Evans changed the UK defence industry". Financial Times.
  16. "BAe set to sign A8bn GEC deal with merger". The Guardian. 19 January 1999.
  17. Competition Commission (1995) British Aerospace Public Limited Company and VSEL Plc: A report on the proposed merger Archived 2 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine p. 28.
  18. "Submission from the Campaign Against Arms Trade to the International Development Committee's Inquiry into corruption". Campaign Against Arms Trade. September 2000. Archived from the original on 19 June 2006. Retrieved 19 August 2006.

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