AstraZeneca

AstraZeneca PLC is a British-Swedish multinational pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical company with its global headquarters in Cambridge, England.[3] Its R&D is concentrated in Cambridge, Gaithersburg, Maryland, U.S. and Mölndal, Sweden.[4] AstraZeneca has a portfolio of products for major disease areas including cancer, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, infection, neuroscience, respiratory and inflammation.[5]

AstraZeneca plc
Public limited company
Traded asLSE: AZN
NYSE: AZN
Nasdaq Stockholm: AZN
FTSE 100 Component
ISINGB0009895292 
IndustryPharmaceutical
Biotechnology
Predecessors
Founded6 April 1999 (1999-04-06)
HeadquartersCambridge, UK
Area served
Global
Key people
ProductsPharmaceutical products
Revenue US$24.384 billion (2019)[1]
US$2.924 billion (2019)[1]
US$1.227 billion (2019)[1]
Number of employees
61,100 (2019)[2]
SubsidiariesMedImmune
Websitewww.astrazeneca.com

The company was founded in 1999 through the merger of the Swedish Astra AB and the British Zeneca Group[6][7] (itself formed by the demerger of the pharmaceutical operations of Imperial Chemical Industries in 1993). Since the merger it has been among the world's largest pharmaceutical companies and has made numerous corporate acquisitions, including Cambridge Antibody Technology (in 2006), MedImmune (in 2007), Spirogen (in 2013) and Definiens (by MedImmune in 2014).

AstraZeneca has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. It has secondary listings on the New York Stock Exchange and the OMX exchange.

History

Astra AB was founded in 1913 in Södertälje, Sweden, by 400 doctors and apothecaries.[8] In 1993 the British chemicals company ICI (established from four British pharmaceutical companies themselves founded in 1890) demerged its pharmaceuticals businesses and its agrochemicals and specialities businesses, to form Zeneca Group plc.[9] Finally, in 1999 Astra and Zeneca Group merged to form AstraZeneca plc, with its headquarters in London.[9] In 1999, AstraZeneca identified a new location for the company's US base the "Fairfax-plus" site in North Wilmington, Delaware.[10]

2000–06

In 2002, its drug Iressa was approved in Japan as monotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer.[11] On 3 January 2004 Dr Robert Nolan, a former director of AstraZeneca, formed the management team of ZI Medical.[12]

In 2005, the company acquired KuDOS Pharmaceuticals, a UK biotech company, for £120M[13] and entered into an anti-cancer collaboration agreement with Astex.[14] It also announced that it had become a Diamond Member of the Pennsylvania Bio commerce organisation.[15]

In 2006, following a collaborative relationship begun in 2004, AstraZeneca acquired Cambridge Antibody Technology for £702 million.[16]

2007–12: The patent cliff and subsequent acquisitions

In February 2007, AstraZeneca agreed to buy Arrow Therapeutics, a company focused on the discovery and development of anti-viral therapies, for US$150 million.[17] AstraZeneca's pipeline, and "patent cliff", was the subject of much speculation in April 2007 leading to pipeline-boosting collaboration and acquisition activities.[18] A few days later AstraZeneca acquired US company MedImmune for about US$15.2 billion to gain flu vaccines and an anti-viral treatment for infants;[19] AstraZeneca subsequently consolidated all of its biologics operations into a dedicated biologics division called MedImmune.[20]

In 2010, AstraZeneca acquired Novexel Corp, an antibiotics discovery company formed in 2004 as a spin-off of the Sanofi-Aventis anti-infectives division. Astra acquired the experimental antibiotic NXL-104 (CEF104) (CAZ-AVI) through this acquisition.[21][22]

In 2011, AstraZeneca acquired Guangdong BeiKang Pharmaceutical Company, a Chinese generics business.[23]

In February 2012, AstraZeneca and Amgen announced a collaboration on treatments for inflammatory diseases.[24] Then in April 2012, AstraZeneca acquired Ardea Biosciences, another biotechnology company, for $1.26 billion.[25] In June 2012, AstraZeneca and Bristol-Myers Squibb announced a two-stage deal for the joint acquisition of the biotechnology company Amylin Pharmaceuticals.[26][27] It was agreed that Bristol-Myers Squibb would acquire Amylin for $5.3 billion in cash and the assumption of $1.7 billion in debt, with AstraZeneca then paying $3.4 billion in cash to Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Amylin being folded into an existing diabetes joint venture between AstraZeneca and Bristol-Myers Squibb.[27]

2013 restructuring and beyond

2013

In March 2013 AstraZeneca announced plans for a major corporate restructuring, including the closure of its research and development activities at Alderley Park and Loughborough in the UK and at Lund in Sweden, investment of $500 million in the construction of a new research and development facility in Cambridge and the concentration of R&D in three locations: Cambridge, Gaithersburg, Maryland (location of MedImmune, where it will work on biotech drugs), and Mölndal (near Gothenburg) in Sweden, for research on traditional chemical drugs.[4] AstraZeneca also announced that it would move its corporate headquarters from London to Cambridge in 2016.[28][29] That announcement included the announcement that it would cut 1,600 jobs; three days later it announced it would cut an additional 2,300 jobs.[30][31] It also announced that it would focus on three therapeutic areas: Respiratory Inflammation & Autoimmunity, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease, and Oncology.[32] In October 2013, AstraZeneca announced it would acquire biotech oncology company Spirogen for around US$440 million.[33]

2014

On 19 May 2014 AstraZeneca rejected a "final offer" from Pfizer of £55 per share, which valued the company at £69.4 billion (US$117 billion). The companies had been meeting since January 2014. If the takeover had proceeded Pfizer would have become the world's biggest drug maker. The transaction would also have been the biggest foreign takeover of a British company. Many in Britain, including politicians and scientists, had opposed the deal.[34] In July 2014 the company entered into a deal with Almirall to acquire its subsidiary Almirall Sofotec and its lung treatments including the COPD drug, Eklira. The US$2.1 billion deal included an allocation of US$1.2 billion for development in the respiratory franchise, one of AstraZeneca's three target therapeutic areas announced the year before. In August 2014 the company announced it had entered into a three-year collaboration with Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma on diabetic nephropathy.[35] In September 2014 the company would join forces with Eli Lilly in developing and commercialising its candidate BACE inhibitor – AZD3292 – used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The deal could yield up to US$500 million for the company.[36] In November 2014 the company's biologics R&D operation, MedImmune, agreed to acquire Definiens for more than US$150 million. The company also began a Phase I/II trial collaboration with Pharmacyclics and Janssen Biotech investigating combination treatments.[37] Also in November of the same year, the company agreed to sell its lipodystrophy treatment business to Aegerion Pharmaceuticals for more than US$325 million.[38] In December, the company received accelerated FDA approval for Olaparib in the treatment of women with advanced ovarian cancer who have a BRCA genetic mutation. A major criterion governing the drugs approval was, on average, its ability to shrink tumours in patients for 7.9 months.[39]

2015

In February, the company announced it would acquire the US and Canadian rights to Actavis' branded respiratory drug business for an initial sum of $600 million.[40] Later in the same month the company announced it would partner with Orca Pharmaceuticals to develop retinoic acid–related orphan nuclear receptor gamma inhibitors for use in the treatment of a number of autoimmune diseases, which could generate up to $122.5 million for Orca.[41] The company also announced their plan to spend $40 million creating a new subsidiary focused on small molecule anti-infectives – primarily in the research of the gyrase inhibitor, AZD0914, which is currently in Phase II for the treatment of gonorrhea.[42] The company underwrote twenty out of thirty-two seats of a new Cambridge-Gothenburg service by Sun-Air of Scandinavia.[43]

In mid-March the company announced it would co commercialise naloxegol along with Daiichi Sankyo in a deal worth up to $825 million.[44] Towards the end of April the company announced a number of collaborations worth an estimated $1.8 billion; firstly, to develop and commercialise MEDI4736, with Celgene, for use against non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, myelodysplastic syndromes, and multiple myeloma with AstraZeneca receiving $450 million. The second of two-deals is an agreement to study a combination treatment of MEDI4736 and Innate Pharma’s Phase II anti-NKG2A antibody IPH2201 for up to $1.275 billion. The company's Medimmune arm also launched collaborative clinical trials with Juno Therapeutics, investigating combination treatments for cancer.[45] The trials will assess combinations of MEDI4736 and one of Juno Therapeutics' CD19 directed chimeric antigen receptor T-cell candidates.[46] In late June the company announced it has entered into a partnership agreement with Eolas Therapeutics on the Eolas Orexin-1 Receptor Antagonist (EORA) program for smoking cessation and other treatments.[47] In July the company announced it would sell off its rights to Entocort (budesonide) to Tillotts Pharma for $215 million.[48] In July 2015, Genzyme announced it would acquire the rare cancer drug Caprelsa (vandetanib) from AstraZeneca for up to $300 million.[49] In August, the company announced it has acquired the global rights to develop and commercialise Heptares Therapeutics drug candidate HTL-1071, which focuses on blocking the adenosine A2A receptor, in a deal worth up to $510 million.[50] In the same month the company's MedImmune subsidiary acquire exclusive rights to Inovio Pharmaceuticals INO-3112 immunotherapy, currently in Phase I/II, under an agreement which could net more than $727.5 million for Inovio. INO-3112 targets Human papillomavirus types 16 and 18.[51] In September, Valeant licensed Brodalumab from the company for up to $445 million.[52][53] On 6 November it was reported that AstraZeneca acquired ZS Pharma for $2.7 billion.[54] In December the company announced its intention to acquire the respiratory portfolio of Takeda Pharmaceutical – namely Alvesco and Omnaris – for $575 million[55] A day later, the company announced it had taken a 55% majority stake in Acerta for $4 billion. As part of the transaction the company will gain commercial rights to Acerta's irreversible oral Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor, acalabrutinib (ACP-196), which is currently in Phase III development for B-cell blood cancers and in Phase I or II clinical trials in solid tumours.[56] In 2015, it was the eighth-largest drug company in the world based on sales revenue.[57]

2017

In July 2017, the company's CEO Pascal Soriot said that Brexit would not affect its commitment to its current plans in the United Kingdom. However, it had slowed decision making for new investment projects waiting for post-Brexit regulatory regime to settle down.[58] In September 2017, the company's chairman Leif Johansson planned in taking "first steps" in moving their research and manufacturing, operations away from the United Kingdom, If there is a hard Brexit.[59] In 2017, it was the eleventh-largest drug company in the world based on sales and ranked seventh based on R&D investment.[60] In January EVP Pam Cheng stated that AstraZeneca has ignited startup of duplicate QA testing facility in Sweden and has initiated hiring in Sweden.[61]

2018

In February 2018, AstraZeneca announced it was spinning off six early-stage experimental drugs into a new biotechnology-focused company, to be known as Viela Bio, valued at US$250 million.[62]

2019

In March 2019, AstraZeneca announced it will pay up to $6.9 billion to work with Daiichi Sankyo Co Ltd on an experimental treatment for breast cancer. AstraZeneca plans to use some of the proceeds of a $3.5 billion share issue to fund the deal. The deal on the drug known as trastuzumab deruxtecan sent shares in Japan’s Daiichi soaring 16%.[63]

In September 2019, the company announced that it would cease drug production at its German headquarters in Wedel, leading to the loss of 175 jobs by the end of 2021.[64][65]

In October 2019, AstraZeneca announced it would sell the global commercial rights for its drug to treat acid reflux to German pharmaceutical company Cheplapharm Arzneimittel GmbH for as much as $276 million.[66][67]

2020

In February 2020, AstraZeneca agreed to sublicense its global rights (except Europe, Canada and Israel) to the drug Movantik, to Redhill Biopharma.[68]

In June 2020, AstraZeneca Plc made a preliminary approach to rival drugmaker Gilead Sciences Inc. about a potential merger, worth almost $240 billion.[69][70] However, these plans were subsequently dropped because it would have distracted the company from its own pipeline and ongoing COVID-19 vaccine efforts.[71]

In July, the business entered into its second collaboration with Daiichi Sankyo, centred around the development of DS-1062, an antibody drug conjugate. The deal could potentially be worth up to $6 billion for Daiichi.[72]

Coronavirus (COVID-19) response

In March 2020, the company announced that it would be donating PPE, including 9 million face masks, to help support various international health organisations mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic.[73]

In April, the Chief Executive, Pascal Soriot, reported that the company was working with GlaxoSmithKline and the University of Cambridge to develop a new laboratory capable of conducting 30,000 Covid-19 tests per day.[74] The company also announced plans for a clinical trial to assess the potential use of Calquence in the treatment of Covid-19.[75]

In June 2020, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) confirmed that the third phase of testing for potential vaccines developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca would begin in July 2020.[76]

In June 2020, further to making 100 million doses available to the UK's NHS,[77] AstraZeneca and Emergent BioSolutions signed a $87 million deal to manufacture doses of the Oxford University's adenovirus-based COVID-19 vaccine specifically for the U.S. market. The deal was part of the Trump administration's Operation Warp Speed initiative to develop and rapidly scale production of targeted vaccines before the end of 2020.[78][79] Catalent will be responsible for the finishing and packaging process.[80]

On 13 June 2020, AstraZeneca signed a contract with Europe’s Inclusive Vaccines Alliance, a group formed by France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands, to supply up to 400 million doses of its experimental COVID-19 vaccine to all European Union member states.[81][82][83]

In July 2020, AstraZeneca partnered with IQVIA to speed up U.S. clinical trials on its potential COVID-19 vaccine, AZD1222, developed with the University of Oxford.[84][85]

In August 2020, AstraZeneca agreed to provide 300 million doses to the U.S.A for $1.2 billion, implying a cost of $4 a dose. An AstraZeneca spokesman said the funding also covers development and clinical testing.[86]

Acquisition history

The following is an illustration of the company's major mergers and acquisitions and historical predecessors:[87]

AstraZeneca acquisitions
  • AstraZeneca
    • AstraZeneca (Merged 1999)
    • KuDOS Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2005)
    • MedImmune Biologics
    • Arrow Therapeutics (Acq 2007)
    • Novexel Corp (Acq 2010)
    • Guangdong BeiKang Pharmaceutical Company (Acq 2011)
    • Ardea Biosciences (Acq 2012)
    • Amylin Pharmaceuticals (Acq 2012 jointly with Bristol-Myers Squibb)
    • Spirogen (Acq 2013)
    • Pearl Therapeutics[89] (Acq 2013)
    • Omthera Pharmaceuticals[90] (Acq 2013)
    • ZS Pharma (Acq 2015)

Operations
The AstraZeneca R&D facility in Mölndal, Sweden

AstraZeneca develops, manufactures and sells pharmaceutical and biotechnology products to treat disorders in the oncology, respiratory, cardiovascular, neuroscience, gastrointestinal, infection and inflammation areas.

AstraZeneca has its corporate headquarters in Cambridge, United Kingdom, and its main research and development (R&D) centers are in Cambridge (UK), Gaithersburg (Maryland, US), Gothenburg/Mölndal (Sweden) and Warsaw (Poland).[91]

Products

The following products are found on the AstraZeneca website.[92] Generic drug names are given in parentheses following the brand name.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

– Anesthetics

– Cardiovascular

– Diabetes

– Gastrointestinal

– Infectious diseases

– Neuroscience

– Oncology

– Respiratory and inflammatory diseases

Orphan drugs

In April 2015, AstraZeneca's drug tremelimumab was approved as an orphan drug for the treatment of mesothelioma in the United States.[93] In February 2016, AstraZeneca announced that a clinical trial of tremelimumab as a treatment for mesothelioma failed to meet its primary endpoint.[94]

Senior management

As of 2008, David Brennan was paid $1,574,144 for his role as chief executive officer.[95]

On 26 April 2012 it was announced that Brennan was to retire early in the June of that year[96] In August 2012, Pascal Soriot was named CEO of AstraZeneca.[97]

It was also announced that Leif Johansson would succeed Louis Schweitzer as Non-Executive chairman on 1 June 2012, three months earlier than previously announced, and would become Chairman of the Nomination and Governance Committee after (the 2012) Annual General Meeting.[96]

Controversies

Seroquel

In April 2010 AstraZeneca settled a qui tam lawsuit brought by Stefan P. Kruszewski for $520 million to settle allegations that the company defrauded Medicare, Medicaid, and other government-funded health care programs in connection with its marketing and promotional practices for the blockbuster atypical antipsychotic, Seroquel. According to the settlement agreement, AstraZeneca targeted its illegal marketing of the anti-psychotic Seroquel towards doctors who do not typically treat schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, such as physicians who treat the elderly, primary care physicians, pediatric and adolescent physicians, and in long-term care facilities and prisons.[98]

In March 2011, AstraZeneca settled a lawsuit in the United States totalling $68.5 million to be divided up to 38 states.[99]

Nexium

The company's most commercially successful medication is esomeprazole (Nexium). The primary uses are treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, treatment and maintenance of erosive esophagitis, treatment of duodenal ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori, prevention of gastric ulcers in those on chronic NSAID therapy, and treatment of gastrointestinal ulcers associated with Crohn's disease. When it is manufactured the result is a mixture of two mirror-imaged molecules, R and S. Two years before the omeprazole patent expired, AstraZeneca patented S-omeprazole in pure form, pointing out that since some people metabolise R-omeprazole slowly, pure S-omeprazole treatment would give higher dose efficiency and less variation between individuals.[100] In March 2001, the company began to market Nexium, as it would a brand new drug.[101]

The (R)-enantiomer of omeprazole is metabolized exclusively by the enzyme CYP2C19, which is expressed in very low amounts by 3% of the population. Treated with a normal dose of the enantiomeric mixture, these persons will experience blood levels five-times higher than those with normal CYP2C19 production. In contrast, esomeprazole is metabolized by both CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, providing less-variable drug exposure.[102] While omeprazole is approved only at doses of up to 20 mg for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux,[103] esomeprazole is approved for doses up to 40 mg.[104]

In 2007, Marcia Angell, former editor-in-chief of the New England Journal of Medicine and a lecturer in social medicine at the Harvard Medical School, said in Stern, a German-language weekly newsmagazine, that AstraZeneca's scientists had misrepresented their research on the drug's efficiency, saying "Instead of using presumably comparable doses [of each drug], the company's scientists used Nexium in higher dosages. They compared 20 and 40 mg Nexium with 20 mg Prilosec. With the cards having been marked in that way, Nexium looked like an improvement – which however was only small and shown in only two of the three studies."[105]

Bildman fraud, and faithless servant clawback

On 4 February 1998, Astra USA sued Lars Bildman, its former president and chief executive officer, seeking $15 million for defrauding the company.[106] The sum included $2.3 million in company funds he allegedly used to fix up three of his homes, plus money the company paid as the result of the EEOC investigation. Astra's lawsuit alleged Bildman sexually harassed and intimidated employees, used company funds for yachts and prostitutes, destroyed documents and records, and concocted "tales of conspiracy involving ex-KGB agents and competitors. This was in a last-ditch effort to distract attention from the real wrongdoer, Bildman himself." Bildman had already pleaded guilty in US District Court for failing to report more than $1 million in income on his tax returns; in addition, several female co-workers filed personal sexual-harassment lawsuits.[107]

In Astra USA v. Bildman, 914 N.E.2d 36 (Mass. 2009), applying New York's faithless servant doctrine, the court held that a company's employee who had engaged in financial misdeeds and sexual harassment must "forfeit all of his salary and bonuses for the period of disloyalty."[108] The court held that this was the case even if the employee "otherwise performed valuable services," and that the employee was not entitled to recover restitution for the value of those other services.[108][109] The decision attracted a good deal of attention by legal commentators.[110]

Study

In 2004, University of Minnesota research participant Dan Markingson committed suicide while enrolled in an industry-sponsored pharmaceutical trial comparing three FDA-approved atypical antipsychotics: Seroquel (quetiapine), Zyprexa (olanzapine), and Risperdal (risperidone). University of Minnesota Professor of Bioethics Carl Elliott noted that Markingson was enrolled in the study against the wishes of his mother, Mary Weiss, and that he was forced to choose between enrolling in the study or being involuntarily committed to a state mental institution.[111] A 2005 FDA investigation cleared the university. Nonetheless, controversy around the case has continued. A Mother Jones article[111] resulted in a group of university faculty members sending a public letter to the university Board of Regents urging an external investigation into Markingson's death.[112]

Transfer mispricing

In 2010 AstraZeneca agreed to pay £505 million to settle a UK tax dispute related to transfer mispricing.[113]

Doping in cycling

On 27 July 2015, Fabio Taborre (Androni-Sidermec) returned a positive doping test result for the banned blood-booster FG-4592 in an out-of-competition control on 16 June 2015. FG-4592 (Roxadustat) is in phase 3 clinical trials and has not yet been commercialised. The drug was developed jointly by FibroGen and AstraZeneca. Unlike Erythropoietin (EPO), which directly stimulates the production of red blood cells, FG-4592 is taken orally, and stimulates natural production of EPO in a manner similar to altitude training.[114]

gollark: I meant a commutator thing, not just a rectifier (which would presumably only work for a generator?).
gollark: Oh.
gollark: How do you know?
gollark: Anyway, you can make DC generators/motors but you need annoying mechanical bits and nobody* likes it.
gollark: 9V batteries actually contain 4 1.5V batteries mostly, IIRC.

See also

Notes and references
  1. "Preliminary Results 2019" (PDF). AstraZeneca. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  2. "AstraZeneca". Forbes. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  3. "Registered office and corporate headquarters". AstraZeneca. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  4. Carroll, John (18 March 2013). "UPDATED: AstraZeneca to ax 1,600, relocate thousands in global R&D reshuffle". fiercebiotech.com. FierceBiotech.
  5. "AstraZeneca - About Us". astrazeneca.com.
  6. "Global 500 – Pharmaceuticals". Fortune. 20 July 2009. Archived from the original on 23 August 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
  7. "Key facts". AstraZeneca. Archived from the original on 8 September 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  8. "Organizational Portraits – AstraZeneca". The Pharmaceutical Century: Ten Decades of Drug Discovery. Washington, D.C.: ACS Publications. 17 November 2000. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
  9. "Our History - AstraZeneca Careers". AstraZeneca Careers.
  10. "AstraZeneca Selects Wilmington, Del. for New US Headquarters".
  11. "AstraZeneca's Iressa FDA committee judgement expected tomorrow". 23 September 2002. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  12. "ZI is dripping with promise". Archived from the original on 11 June 2014.
  13. AstraZeneca buys biotech company for £120m The Telegraph, 23 December 2005
  14. AstraZeneca and Astex ally for anticancer agents Business Intelligence, 1 July 2005
  15. "Pennsylvania Bio – Member Listings". Pennsylvania Bio web site. Archived from the original on 14 December 2005. Retrieved 8 October 2005.
  16. AstraZeneca to buy CAT for £702m BBC News, 15 May 2006
  17. AstraZeneca agrees to buy Arrow Therapeutics for US$150M Marketwatch, 1 February 2007
  18. AstraZeneca seeks a remedy for its patent pain The Telegraph, 21 April 2012
  19. "AstraZeneca to pay $15.2B to purchase rival MedImmune; Deal sees London-based drugmaker take on debt for the first time in order to fill product line". Bloomberg.
  20. AstraZeneca Buys MedImmune for US$ 15.6 Billion The New York Times, 24 April 2007
  21. "AstraZeneca To Acquire Infection Research Company Novexel And Expand Collaboration With Forest Laboratories". 23 December 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  22. "Novexel to be Acquired by AstraZeneca". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  23. AstraZeneca to buy Chinese generics firm Healthcare News, 8 December 2011
  24. AstraZeneca and Amgen collaborate on treatments for inflammatory diseases Medcity News, 4 February 2012
  25. AstraZeneca Reaches $1.26 Billion Deal for Ardea Biosciences The New York Times, 23 April 2012
  26. Peacock, Louisa (30 June 2012). "AstraZeneca to pay £2.2bn towards 'joint venture' diabetes deal". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  27. "Bristol-Myers to buy Amylin for about US$5.3 billion". Reuters. 30 June 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
  28. "AstraZeneca to axe 1,600 jobs in overhaul of drug R&D". Reuters. 18 March 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  29. "AstraZeneca cuts UK headcount and moves to Cambridge". Times Higher Education. 19 March 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  30. "AstraZeneca to cut 2,300 more jobs". USA Today. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  31. "AstraZeneca increase job cuts to 5,050". HR Grapevine. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
  32. AstraZeneca Press Release. 21 March 2013 AstraZeneca outlines strategy to return to growth and achieve scientific leadership
  33. Sandle, Paul (15 October 2013). "AstraZeneca buys oncology-focused Spirogen for up to $440 million". Reuters.
  34. "AstraZeneca rejects Pfizer 'final' takeover offer, triggers major drop in shares". London Mercury. Archived from the original on 20 May 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
  35. "AstraZeneca and MTPC come together for research on diabetic nephropathy drugs". Business Sun. 20 August 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  36. "GEN - News Highlights:Lilly Joins AstraZeneca to Co-Develop BACE Inhibitor for Alzheimer's". GEN.
  37. "GEN - News Highlights:AstraZeneca Bolsters Oncology Focus with Definiens Purchase, Trial Collaboration". GEN.
  38. "GEN - News Highlights:Aegerion Snaps Up Rare Disease Drug from AstraZeneca for US$325M+". GEN.
  39. Anna Edney (19 December 2014). "AstraZeneca Wins Approval for Ovarian-Cancer Drug It Had Dropped". Bloomberg.com.
  40. "GEN - News Highlights:AstraZeneca Buys U.S., Canadian Rights to Actavis Respiratory Drugs for $600M+". GEN.
  41. "GEN - News Highlights:AstraZeneca, Orca Launch Up-to-$122.5M Autoimmune Collaboration". GEN.
  42. "GEN - News Highlights:AstraZeneca Launches $40M Early-Stage Anti-Infectives R& Unit". GEN.
  43. Sweeney, Kate (16 February 2015). "AstraZeneca underwrites Cambridge-Sweden flights | Business Weekly | Technology News | Business news | Cambridge and the East of England". Business Weekly (UK).
  44. "GEN - News Highlights:For Up-to-$825M, Daiichi Sankyo Joins AstraZeneca in Co-Marketing Movantik". GEN.
  45. "GEN - News Highlights:AstraZeneca Inks $1.8B in Immuno-Oncology Deals as Q1 Profit Dips". GEN.
  46. "GEN - News Highlights:MedImmune, Juno Team Up to Study Cancer Immunotherapy Combo". GEN.
  47. "Eolas and AstraZeneca Agree to Develop Orexin-1 Receptor Antagonist for Multiple Indications". GEN.
  48. "AstraZeneca Selling Ex-U.S. Entocort Rights to Tillotts Pharma". GEN.
  49. "Genzyme to Buy Caprelsa from AstraZeneca for Up to $300M". GEN.
  50. "AstraZeneca to Develop Heptares Cancer Candidate in $510M+ Collaboration". GEN.
  51. "MedImmune Licenses Inovio Cancer Vaccine for Up to $727.5M - GEN News Highlights - GEN". GEN.
  52. "Valeant Licenses Brodalumab from AstraZeneca for Up to $445M". GEN.
  53. "AstraZeneca auctions off troubled psoriasis drug to Valeant in $445M deal". FierceBiotech.
  54. "AstraZeneca acquires ZS Pharma in $2.7 billion deal". The New Zealand Herald.
  55. "Takeda to Sell Its Respiratory Portfolio to AstraZeneca". GEN. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  56. "AstraZeneca Takes Majority Stake in Acerta for $4B". GEN. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  57. "The Top 100 Pharmaceutical Companies". BioPortfolio. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  58. Neville, Sarah (29 July 2017). "AstraZeneca chief demands clarity on post-Brexit landscape". Financial Times.
  59. "AstraZeneca has started preparations for hard Brexit, including operations move from UK". The Local. 28 September 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  60. Christel, Michael (28 June 2017). "Pharm Exec's Top 50 Companies 2017". Pharmaceutical Executive, Volume 37, Issue 6. Pharm Exec. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  61. "Brexit ger fler Astra Zenecajobb i Sverige". dn.se. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  62. Hirschler, Ben (28 February 2018). "AstraZeneca spins off autoimmune drugs into new biotech company". Reuters. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
  63. Burger, Ludwig; Nussey, Sam; Umekawa, Takashi (29 March 2019). "AstraZeneca pays up to $6.9 billion in Daiichi Sankyo cancer deal". Reuters. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  64. "AstraZeneca Wedel". Abendblatt. 19 October 2019.
  65. "AstraZeneca schließt die Produktion in Wedel - Hamburger Abendblatt" (in German). Abendblatt.de. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  66. "AstraZeneca sells acid reflux drug rights to Germany's Cheplapharm". Reuters. 1 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  67. McKee, Selina (24 July 2018). "AstraZeneca sells Atacand rights to Cheplapharm". PharmaTimes. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  68. "AstraZeneca divests global rights to Movantik". worldpharmanews.com. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  69. Nair, Ed Hammond, Aaron Kirchfeld and Dinesh (7 June 2020). "A new pharma king? AstraZeneca approaches Gilead about potential merger: report". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  70. "AstraZeneca Approaches Gilead About Potential Merger". www.bloomberg.com. 7 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  71. Ralph, Alex. "Astrazeneca 'drops interest' in Gilead Sciences". ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  72. "AstraZeneca bets up to $6 billion on new Daiichi cancer drug". 27 July 2020 – via uk.reuters.com.
  73. "Coronavirus: AstraZeneca donates nine million face masks and steps up Covid-19 drugs research". Cambridge Independent. 30 March 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  74. "UK coronavirus testing capacity boosted by new AstraZeneca, GSK lab". Reuters. 8 April 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  75. "Cambridge-based AstraZeneca to test one of its cancer medicines for Covid-19 patients | Anglia - ITV News". Itv.com. 14 April 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  76. Coleman, Justine (10 June 2020). "Final testing stage for potential coronavirus vaccine set to begin in July". TheHill. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  77. "AstraZeneca to begin making vaccine". BBC. 5 June 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  78. "AstraZeneca, Emergent BioSolutions sign $87M deal to produce U.S. supply of COVID-19 vaccine". FiercePharma. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  79. "Emergent BioSolutions Signs Agreement to be U.S. Manufacturing Partner for AstraZeneca's COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate". investors.emergentbiosolutions.com. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  80. "AstraZeneca taps Catalent for COVID-19 vaccine finishing, packaging at Italian plant". FiercePharma. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  81. "Covid-19: France, Italy, Germany and Netherlands sign vaccine deal for Europe". France 24. 13 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  82. "AstraZeneca agrees to supply Europe with 400 mil doses of COVID-19 vaccine". Japan Today. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  83. Calatayud, Adria. "AstraZeneca to supply Europe with Covid-19 vaccine". MarketWatch. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  84. "IQVIA and AstraZeneca Team-up to Support Development of Potential COVID-19 Vaccine". www.businesswire.com. 14 July 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  85. RTTNews, Contributor RTTNews com. "AZN, IQV Team Up To Accelerate COVID-19 Vaccine Work, RIGL's ITP Drug Repurposed, IMV On Watch". www.nasdaq.com. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  86. Roland, Denise (21 May 2020). "U.S. to Invest $1.2 Billion to Secure Potential Coronavirus Vaccine From AstraZeneca, Oxford University". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  87. "A comprehensive list of AstraZeneca's subsidiary holdings" (PDF). AstraZeneca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2016.
  88. "AstraZeneca - MedImmune completes acquisition of Definiens". astrazeneca.com.
  89. "AstraZeneca - AstraZeneca to acquire Pearl Therapeutics to strengthen respiratory portfolio". astrazeneca.com.
  90. "AstraZeneca - AstraZeneca to acquire Omthera Pharmaceuticals including NDA-ready novel dyslipidemia treatment to complement cardiovascular portfolio". astrazeneca.com.
  91. "Nowe inwestycje w B+R w Polsce po spotkaniu Premiera Morawieckiego z Prezesem AstraZeneca podczas Światowego Forum Ekonomicznego w Davos". astrazeneca.pl. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  92. AstraZeneca UK website. Retrieved 27 March 2005
  93. Hirschler, Ben (15 April 2015), "AstraZeneca immune system drug wins orphan status in rare cancer", Reuters, London, retrieved 13 July 2015
  94. AstraZeneca reports top-line result of tremelimumab monotherapy trial in mesothelioma, 29 February 2016
  95. "Executive directors' salaries 2009". Remuneration Report – AstraZeneca Annual Report 2008. AstraZeneca. Archived from the original on 11 February 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2009.
  96. AstraZeneca boss David Brennan quits under pressure from investors The Guardian, 26 April 2012
  97. "Astra Zeneca appoints Roches Pascal Soriot as new chief". The Telegraph. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  98. Pharmaceutical Giant AstraZeneca to Pay $520 Million for Off-label Drug Marketing U.S. Department of Justice, 27 April 2010
  99. "Drugmaker settles lawsuits over Seroquel". The Des Moines Register. Retrieved 1 March 2011.
  100. United States Patent 5,877,192 USPTO Patent Database, 11 April 1997
  101. "High Prices". The New Yorker. 25 October 2004.
  102. Lemke TL, Williams DA, Roche VF, Zito SW. Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, 7th edition, Chapter 12
  103. "Highlights of Prescribing Medicine" (PDF). Food and Drugs Administration.
  104. "Highlights of Prescribing Medicine" (PDF). Food and Drugs Administration.
  105. Grill, Markus; Hansen, Hans (16 August 2007). ""Vorsicht, Pharma! Wie die Industrie Ärzte manipuliert und Patienten täuscht." ('Caution, Pharma! How the industry manipulates physicians and deceives patients.')". Germany: Stern. pp. 100–107. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  106. Astra hauls ex-CEO Lars Bildman into court Business Week, 4 February 1998
  107. "Astra Boss Hit With $7M Fine for Sex Harassment; Reps Share Memories of Bonkers CEO". CBS. 6 October 2009. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  108. Glynn, Timothy P.; Arnow-Richman, Rachel S.; Sullivan, Charles A. (2019). Employment Law: Private Ordering and Its Limitations. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. ISBN 9781543801064 – via Google Books.
  109. Carroll, James R.; Weida, Jason Collins (1 January 2010). "Faithless Servants Beware: Massachusetts Forfeiture Law is More Severe than Astra USA, Inc. v. Bildman Might Suggest". Boston Bar Journal, Winter 2010. SSRN 1775205.
  110. Sullivan, Charles A. (4 March 2011). "Mastering the Faithless Servant? Reconciling Employment Law, Contract Law, and Fiduciary Duty". Seton Hall Public Law Research Paper No. 1777082. SSRN 1777082.
  111. Elliott, Carl (1 September 2010). "The deadly corruption of clinical trials".
  112. "U of M Board of Regents Markingson Letter". Scribd. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  113. AstraZeneca agrees to pay £505m to settle UK tax dispute, The Guardian 23 February 2010
  114. Cycling News. "Taborre positive for novel EPO stimulating drug FG-4592". Cyclingnews.com.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.