Astrakhan

Astrakhan (Russian: Астрахань, IPA: [ˈastrəxənʲ], Tatar: Ästerxan, Hacitarxan, حاجی‌ ترخان; Kazakh: Астрахан, Astrahan or Қажы Тархан, Qajy Tarhan; Nogai: Аштархан, Ashtarkhan; Azerbaijani: Həştərxan; Kalmyk: Әәдрхн) is a city in southern Russia and the administrative center of Astrakhan Oblast. The city lies on two banks of the Volga River, close to where it discharges into the Caspian Sea at an altitude of 28 meters (92 ft) below sea level, makes it the lowest city in Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 520,339;[8] up from 504,501 recorded in the 2002 Census[15] and 509,210 recorded in the 1989 Census.[16]

For other uses, see Astrakhan (disambiguation).
Astrakhan

Астрахань
City[1]
Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem: Anthem of Astrakhan[2]
Location of Astrakhan
Astrakhan
Location of Astrakhan
Astrakhan
Astrakhan (Europe)
Coordinates: 46°21′N 48°03′E
CountryRussia
Federal subjectAstrakhan Oblast[1]
Founded1558[3]
City status since1717[3]
Government
 • BodyCity Duma[4]
 • Head[5]Oleg Polumordvinov[6]
Area
 • Total208.70 km2 (80.58 sq mi)
Elevation
-25 m (−82 ft)
Population
 • Total520,339
 • Estimate 
(2018)[9]
533,925 (+2.6%)
 • Rank33rd in 2010
 • Density2,500/km2 (6,500/sq mi)
 • Subordinated tocity of oblast significance of Astrakhan[1]
 • Capital ofAstrakhan Oblast[10], city of oblast significance of Astrakhan[1]
 • Urban okrugAstrakhan Urban Okrug[11]
 • Capital ofAstrakhan Urban Okrug[11]
Time zoneUTC+4 (MSK+1 [12])
Postal code(s)[13]
414000, 414004, 414006, 414008, 414009, 414011–414019, 414021, 414022, 414024–414026, 414028–414030, 414032, 414038, 414040–414042, 414044–414046, 414050–414052, 414056, 414057, 414700, 414890, 414899, 414950, 414960, 414961, 414999
Dialing code(s)+7 8512
OKTMO ID12701000001
City DayThird Sunday of September[14]
Websitewww.astrgorod.ru

The city of Astrakhan forms the core part of the Astrakhan metropolitan area.

The oldest economic and cultural center of the Lower Volga,[17] it is often called the southernmost outpost of Russia[18] and the Caspian capital.[19][20] The city is a member of the Eurasian Regional Office of the World Organization "United Cities and Local Governments"[21] Its population is diverse and includes one hundred ethnicities and fourteen religious denominations.[17]

The city is located in the upper part of the Volga delta, on eleven islands of the Caspian Depression. The distance to Moscow by road is 1,411 kilometers (877 mi).[22] The nearest big city is Volgograd.

Etymology

The name is a corruption of Hashtarkhan, itself a corruption of Haji Tarkhan (حاجی‌ ترخان)—a name amply evidenced in the medieval writings. Tarkhan is possibly a Turco-Mongolian title standing for "great khan," or "king", while haji or hajji is a title given to one who has made the Islamic requisite of pilgrimage to Mecca. Together, they denoted "the king who has visited Mecca."

The city has given its name to the particular pelts from young karakul sheep, and in particular to the hats traditionally made from the pelts.

Colloquially, the city is known by the short form Astra. Another popular nickname is The Caspian Capital.

History

Medieval history
Main article: Xacitarxan

Astrakhan is in the Volga Delta, which is rich in sturgeon and exotic plants. The fertile area formerly contained the capitals of Khazaria and the Golden Horde. Astrakhan was first mentioned by travelers in the early 13th century as Xacitarxan. Tamerlane burnt it to the ground in 1395 during his war with the Golden Horde. From 1459 to 1556, Xacitarxan was the capital of Astrakhan Khanate. The ruins of this medieval settlement were found by archaeologists 12 km upstream from the modern-day city.

Starting in A.D. 1324, Ibn Battuta, the famous Berber Muslim traveler, began his pilgrimage from his native city of Tangier, present-day Morocco to Mecca. Along the 12,100-kilometer (7,500 mi) trek, which took nearly 29 years, Ibn Battuta came in contact with many new cultures which he writes about in his diaries. One specific country that he passed through on his journey was the Golden Horde ruled by the descendants of Genghis Khan, located on the Volga River in southern Russia; which Battuta refers to as the river Athal. He then claims the Athal is, “one of the greatest rivers in the world.” ( Battuta, 79). In the winter, when the weather is very cold, the Muslim ruler, or Sultan, stays in Astrakhan. Due to this cold water, the King [Sultan Mohammed Öz Beg] orders the people of Astrakhan to lay many bundles of hay down on the frozen river. He does this to allow the people to travel over the ice. When Battuta and the King spoke about Battuta visiting Constantinople, which the King granted him permission to do, the King then gifted Battuta with fifteen hundred dinars, many horses and a dress of honor.[23][24]

In 1556, the khanate was conquered by Ivan the Terrible, who had a new fortress, or kremlin, built on a steep hill overlooking the Volga in 1558. This year is traditionally considered to be the foundation of the modern city.[3]

In 1569, during the Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570), Astrakhan was besieged by the Ottoman army, which had to retreat in disarray. A year later, the Ottoman sultan renounced his claims to Astrakhan, thus opening the entire Volga River to Russian traffic. The Ottoman Empire, though militarily defeated, insisted on safe passage for Muslim pilgrims and traders from Central Asia as well as the destruction of the Russian's fort on the Terek river.[25] In the 17th century, the city was developed as a Russian gate to the Orient. Many merchants from Armenia, Safavid Persia, Mughal India and Khiva khanate settled in the town, giving it a cosmopolitan character.

Modern history
Astrakhan in the 17th century
Astrahan Kremlin on the definitive postage stamp of Russia.

For seventeen months in 1670–1671, Astrakhan was held by Stenka Razin and his Cossacks. Early in the following century, Peter the Great constructed a shipyard here and made Astrakhan the base for his hostilities against Persia, and later in the same century Catherine the Great accorded the city important industrial privileges.[26]

The city rebelled against the Tsar once again in 1705, when it was held by the Cossacks under Kondraty Bulavin. A Kalmuck khan laid an abortive siege to the kremlin several years before that.

In 1711, it became the seat of a governorate, whose first governors included Artemy Petrovich Volynsky and Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev. Six years later, Astrakhan served as a base for the first Russian venture into Central Asia. It was granted town status in 1717. In 1702, 1718 and 1767, it suffered severely from fires; in 1719 it was plundered by the Safavid Persians; and in 1830, cholera killed much of the populace.[26]

Astrakhan's kremlin was built from the 1580s to the 1620s from bricks taken from the site of Sarai Berke. Its two impressive cathedrals were consecrated in 1700 and 1710, respectively. Built by masters from Yaroslavl, they retain many traditional features of Russian church architecture, while their exterior decoration is definitely baroque.

In March 1919 after a failed workers' revolt against Bolshevik rule, 3,000 to 5,000 people were executed in less than a week by the Cheka under orders from Sergey Kirov. Some victims had stones tied around their necks and were thrown into the Volga.[27][28]

During Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the A-A line running from Astrakhan to Arkhangelsk was to be the eastern limit of German military operation and occupation. The plan was never carried out, as Germany captured neither the two cities nor Moscow. In the autumn of 1942, the region to the west of Astrakhan became one of the easternmost points in the Soviet Union reached by the invading German Wehrmacht, during Case Blue, the offensive which led to the Battle of Stalingrad. Light armored forces of German Army Group A made brief scouting missions as close as 100 km to Astrakhan before withdrawing. In the same period, elements of both the Luftwaffe's KG 4 and KG 100 bomber wings attacked Astrakhan, flying several air raids and bombing the city's oil terminals and harbor installations.

  • Our Lady of Assumption Catholic church
  • Fadeeva Street in the Old Town
  • The historic Persian House
  • Central Mosque
  • Volga Germans' gothic architecture
  • A Soviet era apartment block
  • First of May Embankment
  • Akhamtovskaya Street
  • Bolshie Isady market district
  • The Old Cemetery
  • Aleksandro-Mariinskaya Hospital
  • Lenin Statue on Kazanskaya Street

In 1943, Astrakhan was made the seat of a Soviet oblast with the RSFSR, which was maintained as a national province of the independent Russian Federation in the 1991 administrative reshuffle after the dismemberment of the Soviet Union.

Astrakhan in 2012

In the present day, Astrakhan is a large industrial centre of the Volga country, Russia, with a population of 100,000. Starting nearly 400 years ago and continuing to the present day, Astrakhan has been Russia's main center of fish processing. The market for fish is a large component of the economy in this city. [29]

Mayoral election of 2012

After fraud was alleged in the mayoral election of 2012 and the United Russia candidate was declared the winner, organizers of the 2011–2012 Russian protests supported the defeated candidate, Oleg V. Shein of Just Russia, in a hunger strike. Substantial evidence of fraud was cited by the protesters but an official investigation failed to find significant violations.[30] The activists from Moscow found it difficult to gain traction over the issue with local residents who, like most Russians, accept political corruption as a given that is useless to protest.[31] The emissaries from Moscow persisted, buoyed by celebrities who support the reform movement, drawing 5,000 to a rally on April 14.[32]

Administrative and municipal status

Astrakhan is the administrative center of the oblast.[10] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Astrakhan—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Astrakhan is incorporated as Astrakhan Urban Okrug.[11]

The city of Astrakhan is further subdivided into four administartive districts: Kirovsky, Leninsky, Sovetsky and Truskovsky. Their names and borders were introduced arbitrarily during the Soviet era and do not reflect the organization of Astrakhan's traditional quarters and historic districts.

Demographics

Religion
Trinity Cathedral in the Astrakhan Kremlin
White Mosque of Astrakhan

Astrakhan is the archiepiscopal see of one of the metropolitanates and (as Astrakhan and Yenotayevka) eparchies of the Russian Orthodox Church, its only other suffragan being Akhtubinsk. There is also a Catholic community, served by the Church of the Assumption of Mary (Astrakhan). The Muslim Bulgar population is now gone/assimilated.

Population

According to the results of the 2010 Census, the population of Astrakhan was 520,339.[8]

At the time of the official 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population was:[33]

Climate

Astrakhan features a temperate continental "Aralian" semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSk) with cold winters and hot summers. Astrakhan is one of the driest cities in Europe. Rainfall is scarce but relatively evenly distributed throughout the course of the year with, however, more precipitation (58%) in the hot season (six hottest months of the year), which determines the "Aralian" type (as opposed to the "Turkmenon" type, with the wet season during the cold months)[34][35].

It is this even distribution of rainfall and the relatively low annual temperature that causes the city to fall under this climate category as opposed to an arid climate.

Winters tend to be cold in the city, though by Russian standards, Astrakhan features relatively balmy winters. Summers in the city can be hot, with high temperatures in excess of +40 °C (104 °F). The mean annual temperature amplitude (difference between the mean monthly temperatures of the hottest and coldest months) is thus equal to 29.2 °C (52.6 °F) (+25.6 °C (78.1 °F) in July and −3.6 °C (25.5 °F) in January), so the climate is truly continental (amplitudes superior or equal to 21 °C (38 °F) determines continental climates, while in semi-continental climates amplitudes vary between 18 °C (32 °F) and 21 °C (38 °F)). Spring and fall are basically transitional seasons between summer and winter. The summers are much hotter than found further west on similar parallels in Europe and worldwide for the 46th parallel with the notable exception of the interior Pacific Northwest of the United States.

Climate data for Astrakhan
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.0
(57.2)		 16.9
(62.4)		 24.0
(75.2)		 32.0
(89.6)		 36.8
(98.2)		 40.5
(104.9)		 41.0
(105.8)		 40.8
(105.4)		 38.0
(100.4)		 29.9
(85.8)		 21.6
(70.9)		 16.4
(61.5)		 41.0
(105.8)
Average high °C (°F) −0.1
(31.8)		 0.8
(33.4)		 7.8
(46.0)		 17.4
(63.3)		 23.8
(74.8)		 29.3
(84.7)		 32.0
(89.6)		 30.7
(87.3)		 24.4
(75.9)		 16.3
(61.3)		 7.4
(45.3)		 1.2
(34.2)		 15.9
(60.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.6
(25.5)		 −3.7
(25.3)		 2.3
(36.1)		 11.1
(52.0)		 17.7
(63.9)		 23.1
(73.6)		 25.6
(78.1)		 24.0
(75.2)		 17.7
(63.9)		 10.4
(50.7)		 3.1
(37.6)		 −1.9
(28.6)		 10.5
(50.9)
Average low °C (°F) −6.5
(20.3)		 −7.1
(19.2)		 −1.9
(28.6)		 5.9
(42.6)		 12.1
(53.8)		 17.4
(63.3)		 19.6
(67.3)		 18.1
(64.6)		 12.3
(54.1)		 6.0
(42.8)		 0.4
(32.7)		 −4.6
(23.7)		 6.0
(42.8)
Record low °C (°F) −31.8
(−25.2)		 −33.6
(−28.5)		 −26.9
(−16.4)		 −8.9
(16.0)		 −1.1
(30.0)		 6.1
(43.0)		 10.1
(50.2)		 6.1
(43.0)		 −2.0
(28.4)		 −10.5
(13.1)		 −25.8
(−14.4)		 −29.9
(−21.8)		 −33.6
(−28.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 16
(0.6)		 12
(0.5)		 16
(0.6)		 23
(0.9)		 28
(1.1)		 25
(1.0)		 24
(0.9)		 21
(0.8)		 17
(0.7)		 18
(0.7)		 18
(0.7)		 16
(0.6)		 234
(9.2)
Average rainy days 8 6 7 11 12 11 10 9 9 9 12 10 114
Average snowy days 14 12 7 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 12 51
Average relative humidity (%) 84 80 73 63 61 58 58 59 66 74 83 86 70
Mean monthly sunshine hours 87 106 163 226 293 316 332 309 252 181 84 58 2,407
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[36]
Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[37]

Education

Astrakhan has five institutions of higher education. Most prominent among these are Astrakhan State Technical University and Astrakhan State University.

  • Astrakhan State Technical University
  • Main building of the Astrakhan State University
  • Astrakhan State Medical University

Transportation

The city is served by Narimanovo Airport named after Soviet Azerbaijani politician Nariman Narimanov. It is managed by OAO Aeroport Astrakhan. After its reconstruction and the building of the international sector, opened in February 2011, Narimanovo Airport is one of the most modern regional airports in Russia. There are direct flights between Astrakhan and Aktau, Istanbul, St. Petersburg and Moscow.

Astrakhan is linked by rail to the north (Volgograd and Moscow), the east (Atyrau and Kazakhstan) and the south (Makhachkala and Baku). There are direct trains to Moscow, Volgograd, Saint Petersburg, Baku, Kiev, Brest and other towns. Intercity and international buses are available as well. Public local transport is mainly provided by buses and minibuses called marshrutkas. Until 2007 there were also trams, and until 2017 trolleybuses.

  • Narimanovo Airport
  • Astrakhan railroad station
  • LiAZ-5280 trolleybus
  • Street traffic in Astrakhan

Symbol of "Azerbaijani-Russian Friendship"

Due to shared Caspian borders, Astrakhan recently has been playing a significant role in the relations of both countries. As the Azerbaijani government has been heavily investing into the wellbeing of the city, Astrakhan has recently begun to symbolize the friendship between both countries. In 2010 a bridge was constructed with donations from Azerbaijan, which was named "Bridge of Friendship".[38] Moreover, Azerbaijani government sponsored secondary school number 11, which carries the name of the national leader Heydar Aliyev, as well as a children's entertainment center named "Dream".[39] Apart from that, a park has been built in the center of Astrakhan which is dedicated to friendship between the two countries. In the last 5 years Astrakhan has been visited by top Azerbaijani delegations on several occasions.[40][41][42][43]

Notable people
Self-portrait of Boris Kustodiev in front of Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra, 1912, Uffizi

Twin towns and sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Astrakhan is twinned with:

gollark: Oh, so it already has an HDD which can be replaced? I don't see why you couldn't just swap it out for a ~240GB one.
gollark: Is it one of those not-very-good ones which uses some eMMC?
gollark: (if it doesn't have one already)
gollark: <@306998505862594569> Some sort of light Linux distro. Also try getting an SSD for it - that is a real usability improvement.
gollark: It might be insecure too, how would you know?

See also

References
  1. Law #67/2006-OZ
  2. Decision #123
  3. Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. p. 28. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
  4. Charter of Astrakhan, Article 35
  5. Charter of Astrakhan, Article 32
  6. Official website of Astrakhan. Head of the City Administration Archived May 9, 2015, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  7. Russian Institute of Urban Planning. Генеральный план города Астрахань. Основные технико-экономические показатели. (General Plan of the City of Astrakhan. Main Technical Economical Measures). (in Russian)
  8. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  9. "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  10. Charter of Astrakhan Oblast, Article 9
  11. Law #43/2004-OZ
  12. "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  13. Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  14. Charter of Astrakhan, Article 6
  15. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  16. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  17. Официальный сайт органов местного самоуправления. Archived December 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  18. "В военных подразделениях Астраханской области работают 35 тысяч специалистов — Российская газета — Спецвыпуск № 4762". rg.ru. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  19. Howard Amos (July 17, 2011). "Astrakhan". themoscowtimes.com. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  20. "Gazprom dobycha Astrakhan to be major partner for Days of Spain in Russia within Astrakhan Oblast". www.gazprom.com. April 8, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
  21. "Публикации – Члены ОГМВ Евразия". euroasia-uclg.ru. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  22. "Расстояние между Москвой и Астраханью – Автомобильный портал грузоперевозок". avtodispetcher.ru. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  23. "Lands of the Golden Horde & the Chagatai: 1332 - 1333". University of California, Berkeley (UCB).
  24. Batuta, Ibn, and Samuel Lee. The Travels of Ibn Battuta in the Near East, Asia and Africa. pp79
  25. Janet Martin, Medieval Russia:980-1584, 356.
  26.  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch (1911). "Astrakhan". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 795.
  27. [books.google.com.sg/books?id=00o2eO8w06oC&pg=PA5]
  28. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 22, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2012.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  29. http://russia.rin.ru/guides_e/2742.html
  30. David M. Herzenhorn (April 10, 2012). "Moscow Protesters Try to Expand Movement". The New York Times. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
  31. David M. Herszenhorn (April 12, 2012). "Opposition Finds Apathy Over Election in Russia City By DAVID M. HERSZENHORN". The New York Times. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
  32. David M. Herszenhorn (April 14, 2012). "Moscow Protesters Take Their Show on the Road". The New York Times. Retrieved April 15, 2012.
  33. "Итоги::Астраханьстат". Retrieved July 22, 2018.
  34. Georges Viers, Éléments de climatologie, Paris, Nathan, 2001, 2e édition ISBN 978-2091911878, pages 154 and 155
  35. Jean Demangeot (February 13, 2001). Les milieux désertiques. Armand Colin. ISBN 978-2-200-28492-3. Figure 9 Climats désertiques d'Asie, pages 37 and 79
  36. "Pogoda.ru.net (Weather and Climate-The Climate of Astrakhan)" (in Russian). Weather and Climate. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
  37. "Astrahan (Astrakhan) Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
  38. "Heydar Aliyev Foundation - Azerbaijan-Russia Friendship Bridge in Astrakhan". heydar-aliyev-foundation.org. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  39. "Azerbaijan, Russian Astrakhan mull relations". azernews.az. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  40. APA Information Agency, APA Holding. "APA - Presidents of Azerbaijan and Russia met in Astrakhan - PHOTO". en.apa.az. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  41. "News.Az - Azerbaijani first lady Mehriban Aliyeva receives Astrakhan Oblast Order of Merit". news.az. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  42. "tass.ru/en/world/699466". tass.ru. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  43. "Гейдар Алиев на полях сражений Ивана Грозного - астраханские записки Эйнуллы Фатуллаева". Haqqin. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
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Sources
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