Alcohol-related dementia

Alcohol-related dementia (ARD) is a form of dementia caused by long-term, excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages, resulting in neurological damage and impaired cognitive function.[1]

Terminology

Alcohol-related dementia is a broad term currently preferred among medical professionals.[2] Many experts use the terms alcohol (or alcoholic) dementia to describe a specific form of ARD, characterized by impaired executive function (planning, thinking, and judgment).[3] Another form of ARD is known as wet brain (Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome), characterized by short term memory loss and thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. ARD patients often have symptoms of both forms, i.e. impaired ability to plan, apathy, and memory loss. ARD may occur with other forms of dementia (mixed dementia). The diagnosis of ARD is widely recognized but rarely applied, due to a lack of specific diagnostic criteria.

On many non-medical websites, the terms wet brain and alcohol-related dementia are often used interchangeably, creating significant confusion. Additionally, the term alcohol-induced persistent dementia is another nonspecific name that is sometimes used.

Signs and symptoms

Alcohol-related dementia presents as a global deterioration in intellectual function with memory not being specifically affected, but it may occur with other forms of dementia, resulting in a wide range of symptoms.[4] Certain individuals with alcohol-related dementia present with damage to the frontal lobes of their brain causing disinhibition, loss of planning and executive functions, and a disregard for the consequences of their behavior. Other types of alcohol-related dementia such as Korsakoff's Syndrome cause the destruction of certain areas of the brain, where changes in memory, primarily a loss of short-term memory,[5] are the main symptom. Most presentations of alcohol dementia are somewhere along the spectrum between a global dementia and Korsakoff's psychosis, and may include symptoms of both.[4]

Individuals affected by alcohol-related dementia may develop memory problems, language impairment, and an inability to perform complex motor tasks such as getting dressed. Heavy alcohol abuse also damages the nerves in arms and legs, i.e. peripheral neuropathy, as well as the cerebellum that controls coordination thereby leading to the development of cerebellar ataxia. These patients frequently have problems with sensation in their extremities and may demonstrate unsteadiness on their feet.[5]

Alcohol-related dementia can produce a variety of psychiatric problems including psychosis (disconnection from reality), depression, anxiety, and personality changes. Patients with alcoholic dementia often develop apathy, related to frontal lobe damage, that may mimic depression.[5] People with alcoholism are more likely to become depressed than people without alcoholism,[6] and it may be difficult to differentiate between depression and alcohol dementia.

Pathophysiology

Alcohol has a direct effect on brain cells in the front part of the brain, resulting in poor judgment, difficulty making decisions, and lack of insight. Long-term alcohol abuse can often lead to poor nutrition problems causing parts of the brain to be damaged by vitamin deficiencies. These problems could also cause personality changes in some people.[7]

Diagnosis

The signs and symptoms of alcohol-related dementia are essentially the same as the symptoms present in other types of dementia, making alcohol-related dementia difficult to diagnose. There are very few qualitative differences between alcohol dementia and Alzheimer's disease and it is therefore difficult to distinguish between the two.[8] Some of these warning signs may include memory loss, difficulty performing familiar tasks, poor or impaired judgment and problems with language. However the biggest indicator is friends or family members reporting changes in personality.[9]

A simple test for intellectual function, like the Folstein Mini-Mental Status Examination, is the minimum screen for dementia. The test requires 15–20 minutes to administer and is available in mental health centers.[10]

Diagnosing alcohol-related dementia can be difficult due to the wide range of symptoms and a lack of specific brain pathology.[5] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) is a guide to aid doctors in diagnosing a range of psychiatric disorders, and may be helpful in diagnosing dementia.[11]

Diagnostic criteria

The existence of alcohol-related dementia is widely acknowledged but not often used as a diagnosis, due to a lack of widely accepted, non-subjective diagnostic criteria; more research is needed.[2] Criteria for alcohol-induced persistent dementia in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) include the following:

A. The development of multiple cognitive deficits manifested by both:

1. Memory impairment (impaired ability to learn new information or to recall previously learned information)
2. One (or more) of the following cognitive disturbances:

• (a) Aphasia (language disturbance)
• (b) Apraxia (impaired ability to carry out motor activities despite intact motor function)
• (c) Agnosia (failure to recognize or identify objects despite intact sensory function)
• (d) Disturbance in executive functioning (i.e. planning, organizing, sequencing, abstracting)

B. The cognitive deficits in criteria A1 and A2 each cause significant impairment in social or occupational functioning and represent a significant decline from a previous level of functioning.

C. The deficits do not occur exclusively during the course of a delirium and persist beyond the usual duration of substance intoxication or withdrawal.

D. There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that deficits are etiologically related to the persisting effects of substance use (e.g. drug of abuse; medication).[9]

There are problems with DSM diagnostic criteria, however. Firstly, they are vague and subjective. Furthermore, the criteria for diagnosis of dementia were inspired by the clinical presentation of Alzheimer's disease and are poorly adapted to the diagnosis of other dementias. This has led to efforts to develop better diagnostic models.[3]

Oslin (Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 1998) proposed alternative clinical diagnostic criteria which were validated. The criteria include a clinical diagnosis of dementia at least 60 days after last exposure to alcohol, significant alcohol use (i.e. minimum 35 standard drinks/week for males and 28 for women) for more than five years, and significant alcohol use occurring within three years of the initial onset of cognitive deficits.[2] Oslin proposed the new and refined diagnostic criteria for alcohol-related dementia because he hoped that the redefined classification system would bring more awareness and clarity to the relationship between alcohol use and dementia.[12]

Oslin's proposed classification of ARD:

• Definite alcohol-related dementia

At the current time there are no acceptable criteria to definitively define alcohol-related dementia.

• Probable alcohol-related dementia

A. The criteria for the clinical diagnosis of probable alcohol-related dementia include the following:

1. A clinical diagnosis of dementia at least 60 days after the last exposure to alcohol.
2. Significant alcohol use as defined by a minimum average of 35 standard drinks per week for men (28 for women) for greater than a period of five years. The period of significant alcohol use must occur within three years of the initial onset of dementia.

B. The diagnosis of alcohol-related dementia is supported by the presence of any of the following

1. Alcohol related hepatic, pancreatic, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, or renal disease i.e. other end-organ damage.
2. Ataxia or peripheral sensory polyneuropathy (not attributed to other causes).
3. Beyond 60 days of abstinence, the cognitive impairment stabilizes or improves.
4. After 60 days of abstinence, any neuroimaging evidence of ventricular or sulcal dilatation improves.
5. Neuroimaging evidence of cerebellar atrophy, especially in the vermis.

C. The following clinical features cast doubt on the diagnosis of alcohol-related dementia

1. The presence of language impairment, especially dysnomia or anomia.
2. the presence of focal neurologic signs or symptoms (except ataxia or peripheral sensory polyneuropathy).
3. Neuroimaging evidence for cortical or subcortical infarction, subdural hematoma, or other focal brain pathology.
4. Elevated Hachinski Ischemia Scale score.

D. Clinical features that are neither supportive nor cast doubt on the diagnosis of alcohol-related dementia included:

1. Neuroimaging evidence of cortical atrophy.
2. The presence of periventricular or deep white matter lesions on neuroimaging in the absence of focal infarct(s).
3. The presence of the Apolipoprotein c4 allele.[12]

Treatment

If the symptoms of alcohol dementia are caught early enough, the effects may be reversed. The person must stop drinking and start on a healthy diet, replacing the lost vitamins, including, but not limited to, thiamine.[8] Recovery is more easily achievable for women than men, but in all cases it is necessary that they have the support of family and friends and abstain from alcohol.[8]

Epidemiology

The onset of alcohol dementia can occur as early as age 30,[8] although it is far more common that the dementia will reveal itself anywhere from age 50 to 70.[8] The onset and the severity of this type of dementia is directly correlated to the amount of alcohol that a person consumes over their lifetime.

Epidemiological studies show an association between long-term alcohol intoxication and dementia.[3] Alcohol can damage the brain directly as a neurotoxin,[3] or it can damage it indirectly by causing malnutrition, primarily a loss of thiamine (vitamin B1).[4] Alcohol abuse is common in older persons, and alcohol-related dementia is under-diagnosed.[5] A discredited French study, looking at other studies of thousands of subjects, found that moderate alcohol consumption (up to four glasses of wine per week) protected against dementia, whereas higher rates of consumption were found to increase the chances of getting it.[3]

Notable sufferers

According to her family, the socialite Leonore Lemmon (fiancée of George Reeves) spent the last few years of her life with alcohol dementia, before dying in 1989.

The Australian entertainer and "King of Comedy" Graham Kennedy was suffering from alcohol-related dementia at time of his death in 2005.[13]

References

1. Ridley, Nicole J; Draper, Brian; Withall, Adrienne (25 January 2013). "Alcohol-related dementia: an update of the evidence". Alzheimer's Research & Therapy. 5 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/alzrt157. ISSN 1758-9193. PMC 3580328. PMID 23347747.
2. Warner, James; Gupta, Susham (2008). "Alcohol-related dementia: a 21st-century silent epidemic? - The British Journal of Psychiatry". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 193 (5): 351–353. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.051425. PMID 18978310.
3. Derouesné, Christian; Pierucci‐Lagha, Amira (December 2003). "John Libbey Eurotext - Psychologie & NeuroPsychiatrie du vieillissement - Alcool et vieillissement". Psychologie & Neuropsychiatrie du Vieillissement. 1 (4): 237–249. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
4. "Alcohol-related dementia". Retrieved 21 October 2015.
5. Alcohol Induced Dementia
6. "Alcohol - Special Subjects". Merck Manuals Consumer Version. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
7. Buddy T. "Alcoholic Dementia". About.com Health. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
8. "What's Alcohol-Related Dementia?". health-cares.net. 18 July 2005.
9. Moriyama Y.; Mimura M.; Kato M.; Kashima H. (2006). "Primary alcoholic dementia and alcohol-related dementia". Psychogeriatrics. 6 (3): 114–118. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8301.2006.00168.x.
10. Fiodor, Kosova. "Dementia test". Dementia Test. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
11. David Pingitore-Randy A. Sansone (1998-10-15). "Using DSM-IV Primary Care Version: A Guide to Psychiatric Diagnosis in Primary Care". American Family Physician. 58 (6): 1347–52. PMID 9803199. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
12. Oslin, D. (1998). ALCOHOL RELATED DEMENTIA: PROPOSED CLINICAL CRITERIA. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13(4), 203-212.
13. Mangos, John (7 June 2005). "The King and I". The Bulletin. NineMSN.com. p. 31. Archived from the original on 19 June 2005. Retrieved 4 February 2008.

External links

• Alcoholism & Substance Abuse: Alcohol Dementia
• Alzheimer's Society factsheet — What is Korsakoff's syndrome?
• Kato N (June 1991). "[Clinical concept of alcoholic dementia]". Arukoru Kenkyuto Yakubutsu Ison (in Japanese). 26 (3): 119–33. PMID 1892448.