Cerebellar ataxia

Cerebellar ataxia is a form of ataxia originating in the cerebellum.[1] Non-progressive congenital ataxia (NPCA) is a classical presentation of cerebral ataxias.

Cerebellar ataxia
SpecialtyNeurology

Cerebellar ataxia can occur as a result of many diseases and may present with symptoms of an inability to coordinate balance, gait, extremity and eye movements.[2] Lesions to the cerebellum can cause dyssynergia, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, dysarthria and ataxia of stance and gait.[3] Deficits are observed with movements on the same side of the body as the lesion (ipsilateral).[2] Clinicians often use visual observation of people performing motor tasks in order to look for signs of ataxia.[2]

Signs and symptoms

Damage to the cerebellum causes impairment in motor skills and can cause nystagmus. Almost a third of people with isolated, late onset cerebellar ataxia go on to develop multiple system atrophy.[4]

The cerebellum's role has been observed as not purely motor. It is combined with intellect, emotion and planning.[5]

Causes

There are many causes of cerebellar ataxia including, among others, gluten ataxia,[6] autoimmunity to Purkinje cells or other neural cells in the cerebellum,[7] CNS vasculitis, multiple sclerosis, infection, bleeding, infarction, tumors, direct injury, toxins (e.g., alcohol), genetic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases (such as progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy). Gluten ataxia accounts for 40% of all sporadic idiopathic ataxias and 15% of all ataxias.[8]

Primary auto-immune ataxias (PACA) lack diagnostic biomarkers.[9] Cerebellar ataxias can be classified as sporadic, autosomal recessive, X-linked, autosomal dominant and of mitochondrial origin. [10]

Treatment

"For many years, it was thought that postural and balance disorders in cerebellar ataxia were not treatable. However, the results of several recent studies suggest that rehabilitation can relieve postural disorders in patients with cerebellar ataxia...There is now moderate level evidence that rehabilitation is efficient to improve postural capacities of patients with cerebellar ataxia – particularly in patients with degenerative ataxia or multiple sclerosis. Intensive rehabilitation programs with balance and coordination exercises are necessary. Although techniques such as virtual reality, biofeedback, treadmill exercises with supported bodyweight and torso weighting appear to be of value, their specific efficacy has to be further investigated. Drugs have only been studied in degenerative ataxia, and the level of evidence is low."[11]

Some effects of cerebellar ataxia may be reduced to varying degrees by means of Frenkel exercises.

One main objective of the treatment is to re-establish the physiological inhibition exerted by the cerebellar cortex over cerebellar nuclei.[12] Research using Transcranial direct-current stimulation (TDCS) and Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) shows promising results.[13]

Additionally, mild to moderate cerebellar ataxia may be treatable with buspirone.[14]

It is thought that the buspirone increases the serotonin levels in the cerebellum and so decreases ataxia.

Behavioral intervention

Behavioral intervention is successful when it involves engaging knowledge of the interests and general backgrounds of individuals with cerebellar ataxia. Communication maximizing strategies are also useful, such as exaggeration of articulatory gestures, giving full attention to their responses, repeating where necessary, and slowing down speaking rate.[15] Another intervention technique for speech is to focus on optimizing respiratory and vocal resources as well as training compensatory strategies.[16]

gollark: What with WebAssembly, WebGL, and all the various web-whatever standards for interacting with native stuff.
gollark: The web platform and all its excessive features might actually be helpful for that, since you can probably get regular native-application-like behavior in a browser regardless of OS.
gollark: Windows: "Universal" Windows Platform, Google: Chrome OS/Android apps, Apple: their Mac app store thingy.
gollark: Software support? Probably. It doesn't help that each OS vendor is trying to lock you into their walled garden now.
gollark: Arch is rolling release, and I think any breaking of the package manager would also likely mess up everything else *anyway*.

See also

References
  1. "Cerebellar ataxia". BBC News. November 30, 2004.
  2. Ferrarin, M.; Gironi, M.; Mendozzi, L.; Nemni, R.; Mazzoleni, P.; Rabuffetti, M. (2005). "Procedure for the quantitative evaluation of motor disturbances in cerebellar ataxic patients". Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing. 43 (3): 349–56. doi:10.1007/BF02345812. PMID 16035223.
  3. Diener, H.-C.; Dichgans, J. (1992). "Pathophysiology of cerebellar ataxia". Movement Disorders. 7 (2): 95–109. doi:10.1002/mds.870070202. PMID 1584245.
  4. Multiple System Atrophy~differential at eMedicine
  5. Manto, Mario; Marien, Peter (2015). "Schmahmann's syndrome - identification of the third cornerstone of clinical ataxiology". Cerebellum & Ataxias. 2 (1): 2. doi:10.1186/s40673-015-0023-1. PMC 4552302. PMID 26331045.
  6. Mitoma H, Adhikari K, Aeschlimann D, Chattopadhyay P, Hadjivassiliou M, Hampe CS, et al. (2016). "Consensus Paper: Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Cerebellar Ataxias". Cerebellum (Review). 15 (2): 213–32. doi:10.1007/s12311-015-0664-x. PMC 4591117. PMID 25823827.
  7. Jarius, S.; Wildemann, B. (2015). "'Medusa head ataxia': the expanding spectrum of Purkinje cell antibodies in autoimmune cerebellar ataxia". J Neuroinflammation. 12 (1): 166. doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0356-y. PMC 4574226. PMID 26377085.
  8. Hadjivassiliou M, Sanders DD, Aeschlimann DP (2015). "Gluten-related disorders: gluten ataxia". Dig Dis (Review). 33 (2): 264–8. doi:10.1159/000369509. PMID 25925933.
  9. Hadjivassiliou, Marios; Graus, Francesc; Honnorat, Jerome; Jarius, Sven; Titulaer, Maarten; Manto, Mario; Hoggard, Nigel; Sarrigiannis, Ptolemaios; Mitoma, Hiroshi (2020-04-23). "Diagnostic Criteria for Primary Autoimmune Cerebellar Ataxia-Guidelines from an International Task Force on Immune-Mediated Cerebellar Ataxias". Cerebellum (London, England). doi:10.1007/s12311-020-01132-8. ISSN 1473-4230. PMID 32328884.
  10. Manto, Mario; Gruol, Donna L.; Schmahmann, Jeremy; Koibuchi, Noriyuki; Rossi, Ferdinando, eds. (2013). Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders. Springer Netherlands. ISBN 9789400713321.
  11. Marquer, A.; Barbieri, G.; Pérennou, D. (2014). "The assessment and treatment of postural disorders in cerebellar ataxia: A systematic review". Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 57 (2): 67–78. doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2014.01.002. PMID 24582474.
  12. Mitoma, H.; Manto, M. (2016-05-20). "The physiological basis of therapies for cerebellar ataxias". Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders. 9 (5): 396–413. doi:10.1177/1756285616648940. PMC 4994778. PMID 27582895.
  13. Grimaldi, Giuliana; Oulad Ben Taib, Nordeyn; Manto, Mario; Bodranghien, Florian (2014). "Marked reduction of cerebellar deficits in upper limbs following transcranial cerebello-cerebral DC stimulation: tremor reduction and re-programming of the timing of antagonist commands." Front Syst Neurosci. 8 (9): 9. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00009. PMC 3906576. PMID 24523678.
  14. Trouillas, Paul; Xie, Jing; Adeleine, Patrice (1996). "Treatment of cerebellar ataxia with buspirone: a double-blind study". The Lancet. 348 (9029): 759. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)65674-7. PMID 8806320.
  15. Mackenzie, Catherine; Lowit, Anja (2007). "Behavioural intervention effects in dysarthria following stroke: communication effectiveness, intelligibility and dysarthria impact". International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders. 42 (2): 131–53. doi:10.1080/13682820600861776. PMID 17365091.
  16. Schalling, Ellika; Hartelius, Lena (2013). "Speech in spinocerebellar ataxia". Brain and Language. 127 (3): 317–22. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2013.10.002. PMID 24182841.
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