Al ash-Sheikh

The Al ash-Sheikh (Arabic: آل الشيخ‎, ʾĀl aš-Šaykh),[note 1] also transliterated in a number of other ways, including Al ash-Shaykh, Al ash-Shaikh, Al al-Shaykh, or Al-Shaykh,[note 2] is Saudi Arabia's leading religious family. They are the descendants of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the 18th-century founder of the Wahhabi sect of Islam which is today dominant in Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia, the family is second in prestige only to the Saudi royal family, the Al Saud, with whom they formed a power-sharing arrangement nearly 300 years ago. The arrangement, which persists to this day, is based on the Al Saud maintaining the Al ash-Sheikh's authority in religious matters and the Al ash-Sheikh supporting the Al Saud's political authority.

Al ash-Sheikh
Current regionSaudi Arabia
EtymologyFamily of the Sheikh
Place of originNejd, Arabia
Members
Connected familiesHouse of Saud
DistinctionsSaudi Arabia's leading religious family

Although the Al ash-Sheikh's domination of the religious establishment has diminished in recent decades, they still hold most of the important religious posts in Saudi Arabia, and are closely linked to the Al Saud by a high degree of intermarriage. Because of the Al ash Sheikh's religious-moral authority, the arrangement between the two families remains crucial in maintaining the Saudi royal family's legitimacy to rule the country.

Etymology

The Arabic name Al ash-Sheikh (آل الشيخ) (which is transliterated in a number of ways) translates into English as family of the Sheikh[1] or House of the Sheikh.[2] The word Al, in conjunction with the name of an ancestor, means family of or House of.[3] The term ash-Sheikh refers to the Islamic religious reformer Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the family's ancestor.[4] He was known as the Sheikh,[5] a term of respect for a noted elder, teacher or religious leader.[6]

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
Main article: Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
See also: Wahhabism
The First Saudi State: the product of the alliance between the Al Saud and Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab

The Al ash-Sheikh are the descendants of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, the 18th century founder of the Wahhabi sect which is today dominant in Saudi Arabia.[4] Ibn Abd al-Wahhab was born in 1703 in the Nejd. He became influenced by the teachings of Ibn Taymiya, a medieval jurist of the Hanbali school of jurisprudence. As a consequence, he began to preach a simple, puritanical form of Islam that warned against what he believed were religious innovations and critical of the moral laxity he claimed to see in his contemporaries. He attracted support, and his followers became known as Muwahhidun (translated in English as unitarians) because of his emphasis on the oneness of God. Outside Arabia they became known as Wahhabis.[7]

In the 1740s, he moved to Diriyah in Nejd, where Muhammad ibn Saud, founder of the Al Saud dynasty, was the local ruler. Muhammad ibn Saud decided to support Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's cause,[8] and the combination of the religious zeal inspired by Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's teachings and the Al Saud's military and political leadership initiated a period of conquest and expansion.[7] Most of central Arabia and the Hejaz was brought under the Al Saud's rule in what became known as the "First Saudi State".[9] The religious establishment, led by Ibn Abd al-Wahhab and his family, benefitted from the expansion in an unprecedented manner, enjoying prestige and influence and sharing the treasury with the Al Saud.[10] After his death in 1791, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's legacy was carried on by his many descendants, who continued to hold positions of religious authority.[11]

Pact with the Al Saud

Muhammad ibn Saud and Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab had concluded a formal agreement in 1744: according to one source, Muhammad ibn Saud had declared when they first met,

"This oasis is yours, do not fear your enemies. By the name of God, if all Nejd was summoned to throw you out, we will never agree to expel you." Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab replied, "You are the settlement's chief and wise man. I want you to grant me an oath that you will struggle with me against the unbelievers. In return you will be imam, leader of the Muslim community and I will be leader in religious matters."[12]

Ibn Saud accordingly gave his oath.[12] The descendants of Muhammad ibn Saud, the Al Saud, continued to be the political leaders of the Saudi state in central Arabia through the 19th and into the 20th centuries, and eventually created the modern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932.[9] The descendants of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, on the other hand, have historically led the ulema, the body of Islamic religious leaders and scholars,[13] and dominated the Saudi state's clerical institutions.[14]

The agreement between Ibn Abd al-Wahhab and Muhammad ibn Saud of 1744 became a "mutual support pact" and power-sharing arrangement between the Al Saud and the Al ash-Sheikh, which has remained in place for nearly 300 years.[15][16][17][18] The pact between the two families, which continues to this day, is based on the Al Saud maintaining the Al ash-Sheikh's authority in religious matters and upholding and propagating the Wahhabi doctrine. In return, the Al ash-Sheikh support the Al Saud's political authority [19] thereby using its religious-moral authority to legitimize the royal family's rule.[20] In fact, each legitimizes the other. This alliance formed in the 18th century provided the ideological impetus to Saudi expansion and remains the basis of Saudi Arabian dynastic rule today.[21]

The 19th and early 20th centuries
See also: History of Saudi Arabia and Unification of Saudi Arabia

Following Ibn Abd al-Wahhab’s death, his son, Abd Allah ibn Muhammad Abd al-Wahhab, became leader of the Saudi religious establishment.[22] He endorsed further Al Saud expansion and wrote a number of tracts against Shia belief.[11]

By the early 19th century, the Saudi conquests had attracted the hostile attentions of the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman forces from Egypt were sent to Arabia in 1811 and, by 1818, had destroyed the Al Saud's state.[23] The defeat of the Al Saud was also a disaster for the Al ash-Sheikh. The Ottomans executed many of the family in 1818[10] including Sulayman ibn Abd Allah,[20] a grandson of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab and an influential author of treatises.[22] A whole branch of the family was exiled to Egypt and never returned.[20] This had a major impact on the Saudi religious establishment and left it with no important sources of religious authority for most of the nineteenth century.[10]

Second Saudi State (1824–1891) at its greatest extent

Nevertheless, the family survived in Nejd. When the Al Saud re-established themselves with a much smaller so-called "Second Saudi State" from 1824,[9] Abd al-Rahman ibn Hasan and, subsequently, Abd al-Latif ibn Abd al-Rahman, both descendants of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, became the leaders of the Saudi religious establishment.[22] However, the destruction of the first Saudi state and the exile or execution of most of the Al ash-Sheikh religious scholars of significance in 1818 meant that the religious establishment lost much of its prestige, influence and material wealth: their eminence in the 18th century was in sharp contrast with their decline in the 19th century.[10]

For much of the rest of the century, the Al Saud struggled for control of central Arabia with their rivals, the Al Rashid of Ha'il. Eventually, they were defeated in 1891; the Saudi state was again destroyed and the Al Saud went into exile.[9] The ulema was led, at the time, by another descendant of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Abd Allah bin Abd al-Latif. Rather than going into exile after the defeat, he decided to side with the Al-Rashid and moved to Ha'il, indicating that preservation of the Wahhabi cause took precedence over the family compact with the Al Saud.[20] But the Al Saud returned from exile in 1902 under the leadership of Abdul Aziz Al Saud (later Saudi Arabia's first King) and re-established the Saudi state around Riyadh.[9] Abd Allah bin Abd al-Latif then changed sides again and re-joined the Al Saud, a change of heart which was accepted by Abdul Aziz.[20]

On the eve of Abdul Aziz's return from exile, the religious establishment had limited authority and influence after the decline in its fortunes of the 19th century.[10] However, he recognized that he could use them to legitimize and help consolidate any conquests he made.[13][24] He therefore cemented the relationship with the Al ash-Sheikh by preferential treatment and matrimonial links,[13] for example, by marrying the daughter of Abd Allah bin Abd al-Latif.[20] With the support of the Al ash-Sheikh and the other Wahhabi ulema, Abdul Aziz went on to conquer the rest of the territory that was to become Saudi Arabia and declared the formation of the new kingdom in 1932. Even after his conquests were complete, Abdul Aziz continued to favor the ulema and especially the Al ash-Sheikh. Their support remained essential for the legitimization of his regime and the process of integration of the conquered territories through religion, education and law. The Al ash-Sheikh were given prestige, privileges, influence and key positions in the government.[13]

On the other hand, the alliance between Al ash-Sheikh and the House of Saud or more specifically Abdul Aziz was not free from tensions. Some of the Nejdi ulema, particularly those who were under the protection of other Wahhabi rulers, supported Abdul Aziz’s enemies. However, in the end, most of the Nejdi ulema agreed to recognize his authority on condition that, at least temporarily, his father Abd al-Rahman would carry the title of imam. The difficulties arose in relations between Abdul Aziz and the Wahhabi ulema after the establishment of the Kingdom because Abdul Aziz was not considered by them sufficiently religious. Furthermore, Abdul Aziz had not taken up jihad to expand Wahhabi influence. He also maintained relations with the British authorities in the Persian Gulf region.[25]

Role in modern Saudi Arabia
See also: Politics of Saudi Arabia
Chairman of the Majlis ash-Shura (Consultative Assembly) Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh in the Polish Senate, 26 May 2014

The Al ash-Sheikh's position as leader of the ulema is significant because of the central role of religion in Saudi society. It has been said that Islam is more than a religion, it is a way of life in Saudi Arabia, and, as a result, the influence of the ulema is all-pervasive.[26] Specifically, Saudi Arabia is almost unique in giving the ulema a direct involvement in government,[27] the only other example being Iran.[14] Not only is the succession to the throne subject to the approval of the ulema,[28] but so are all new laws (royal decrees).[27] The ulema have also been a key influence in major government decisions,[18] have a significant role in the judicial and education systems[29] and a monopoly of authority in the sphere of religious and social morals.[30]

Believed to number several hundred individuals currently,[14] the Al ash-Sheikh has continued to produce religious leaders who have exercised great influence on government decision-making.[7] The Al ash-Sheikh ulema have dominated key state institutions such as the Senior Council of Ulema and the Higher Council of Qadis (Judges). Traditionally the most senior religious office, the Grand Mufti, was filled by a member of the family,[14] and, in fact, there has only ever been one Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia who was not an Al ash-Sheikh.[31] Other members of the family serve in important military and civilian capacities, as well as serving as judges and other religious figures.[7]

However, the Al ash-Sheikh's domination of the ulema has diminished somewhat in recent decades.[7] This is in part because an increase in the number of students in the seminaries has led to an influx from other families,[14] and the Al ash-Sheikh have not produced offspring in sufficient numbers to maintain a numerical predominance.[20] Furthermore, in 1969, King Faisal abolished the office of Grand Mufti and replaced it with a ministry of justice. The minister appointed was deliberately not an Al ash-Sheikh, although subsequent ministers have been. Members of the family have held other ministerial positions but the family's representation in the cabinet dropped from three to two members in 2003 (the Minister of Justice and Minister of Islamic Affairs)[7] and, as of 2020, stands at two ministers, Saleh bin Abdul-Aziz Al ash-Sheikh, Minister of Islamic Affairs and Abdullatif bin Abdulmalik bin Omar Al-ash Sheikh, Minister of Municipal and Rural Affairs.[32]

Nevertheless, the Al ash-Sheikh are still Saudi Arabia's leading religious family and second in prestige only to the royal family.[2] The family continues to hold many of the most important religious posts in Saudi Arabia:[30] for example, the current Grand Mufti (the position having been restored in 1993[33]) is a member of the family, Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al ash-Sheikh.[34] The family's position is derived not only from their role in the ulema but also from being closely linked to the Al Saud by a high degree of intermarriage.[30] This began in the eighteenth century and has continued in modern times: King Faisal's mother was Tarfa bint Abdullah,[7] daughter of Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Latif Al ash-Sheikh.[20] The family alliance with the Al ash-Sheikh is still crucial to the Al Saud in maintaining their legitimacy. At the same time, the Al ash-Sheikh remain strong supporters of the continued rule of the Al Saud.[7]

Notable members
Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al ash-Sheikh with British foreign secretary William Hague in London, 5 March 2013
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See also

Notes
  1. Using the term the Al ash-Sheikh family is a pleonasm as the word Al already means family. See Etymology. It would, in theory, be correct to use the term Family of the Sheikh, but, unlike House of Saud, in practice this is rarely done.
  2. Also, Al al-Sheikh, Al al-Shaikh, Al-Sheikh, Al-Shaikh, Al-Ashaykh, Al-Ashaikh, or Al-Asheikh, and the first word Al in any of these transliterations can be renderred as Aal.

References
  1. Watson, Mark (2008). Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-470-18257-4.
  2. Long, David E. (2005). Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-313-32021-7.
  3. Wynbrandt, James; Gerges, Fawaz A. (2010). A Brief History of Saudi Arabia. p. xvii. ISBN 978-0-8160-7876-9.
  4. Wilson, Peter W.; Graham, Douglas (1994). Saudi Arabia: the coming storm. p. 16. ISBN 1-56324-394-6.
  5. Beling, Willard A. (1980). King Faisal and the modernisation of Saudi Arabia. p. 17. ISBN 0-7099-0137-2.
  6. Long, David E. (2005). Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-313-32021-7.
  7. Mattar, Philip (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa: Vol.1 A-C. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-02-865770-7.
  8. Bowen, Wayne H. (2007). The history of Saudi Arabia. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-0-313-34012-3.
  9. "Saudi Arabia". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
  10. Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2010). A History of Saudi Arabia. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-0-521-74754-7.
  11. Campo, Juan Eduardo (2006). Encyclopedia of Islam. p. 325. ISBN 978-0-8160-5454-1.
  12. Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2010). A History of Saudi Arabia. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-521-74754-7.
  13. Abir, Mordechai (1987). Saudi Arabia in the oil era: regime and elites: conflict and collaboration. pp. 4, 5, 7. ISBN 978-0-7099-5129-2.
  14. Federal Research Division (2004). Saudi Arabia A Country Study. pp. 232–233. ISBN 978-1-4191-4621-3.
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  21. Faksh, Mahmud A. (1997). The future of Islam in the Middle East. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-0-275-95128-3.
  22. Commins, David Dean (2006). The Wahhabi mission and Saudi Arabia. p. 210. ISBN 1-84511-080-3. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  23. Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2010). A History of Saudi Arabia. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-521-74754-7.
  24. Al-Rasheed, Madawi (2010). A History of Saudi Arabia. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-521-74754-7.
  25. Abir, Mordechai (1987). "The Consolidation of the Ruling Class and the New Elites in Saudi Arabia". Middle Eastern Studies. 23 (2): 150–171. doi:10.1080/00263208708700697. JSTOR 4283169.
  26. Korany, Bahgat; Dessouki, Ali E.Hillal (2010). The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization. p. 358. ISBN 978-977-416-360-9.
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  34. Baamir, Abdulrahman Yahya (2010). Shari'a Law in Commercial and Banking Arbitration. p. 29 (n. 87). ISBN 978-1-4094-0377-7.
  35. Hatina, Meir (2008). Guardians of faith in modern times: ʻulamaʼ in the Middle East. p. 221. ISBN 978-90-04-16953-1.
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  37. Ottaway, David (2008). The King's Messenger. Prince Bandar Bin Sultan and America's Tangled Relationship with Saudi Arabia. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-8027-1690-3.

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