Adzuki bean

The adzuki bean (Vigna angularis; from azuki (Japanese: アズキ（小豆）); sometimes transliterated as azuki or aduki), or red mung bean, is an annual vine widely cultivated throughout East Asia for its small (approximately 5 millimetres (0.20 in) long) bean. The cultivars most familiar in East Asia have a uniform red color, but white, black, gray, and variously mottled varieties also are known.

For other things called "Azuki", see Azuki (disambiguation).

Adzuki beans
Azuki beans are also called red mung beans.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Vigna
Species:
V. angularis
Binomial name
Vigna angularis
(Willd.) Ohwi & H. Ohashi

Scientists presume Vigna angularis var. nipponensis is the progenitor.[1]

Origin and diversity

Speciation and domestication

The wild ancestor of cultivated adzuki bean is probably Vigna angularis var. nipponensis,[2] which is distributed across Japan, Korea, China, Nepal and Bhutan.[3] Speciation between Vigna angularis var. nipponensis and Vigna angularis var. angularis occurred around 50,000 years ago.[4] Archaeologists estimate it was domesticated around 3000 BC.[5] However, adzuki beans (as well as soybeans) dating from 3000 BC to 2000 BC are indicated to still be largely within the wild size range. Enlarged seeds occurred during the later Bronze Age or Iron Age, periods with plough use.[6] Domestication of adzuki beans resulted in a trade-off between yield and seed size. Cultivated adzuki beans have fewer but longer pods, fewer but larger seeds, a shorter stature, and also a smaller overall seed yield than wild forms.[3] The exact place of domestication is not known;[2] multiple domestication origins in East Asia (for example Japan, China, and Korea) have been suggested.[5]

Breeding
Adzuki beans, illustration from the Japanese agricultural encyclopedia Seikei Zusetsu (1804)

In Japan, the adzuki bean was one of the first crops subjected to scientific plant breeding.[3] Important breeding traits are yield, pureness of the bean colour, and the maturing time.[7] Separate cultivars with smaller seeds and higher biomass are bred for fodder production and as green manure.[7] Locally adapted cultivars are available in China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.[8] More than 300 cultivars/landraces/breeding lines are registered in Japan.[8] Moreover, China (Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources (CAAS), Beijing, more than 3700 accessions) and Japan (Tokachi Agricultural Experiment Station, Hokkaido-ken, about 2500 accessions) accommodate large germplasm collections of adzuki bean.[8]

Weed forms

Weed forms of adzuki bean frequently occur in Japan. The wide spread of weed forms is due to adaptation to human-disturbed habitats, escapes of old cultivars, and natural establishment from derivatives of hybrids between cultivars and wild forms.[2] In contrast to wild forms, the weed forms of adzuki bean are used as a substitute for the cultivated form and consumed as sweet beans, especially if cultivated adzuki beans are attacked by pests. However, in cultivated gardens the weed form is recognized as contamination and lowers the seed quality of adzuki cultivars.[2]

Names
Yōkan (羊羹) is a thick Japanese jellied dessert made of adzuki bean paste, agar, and sugar

The name adzuki (or azuki) is a transliteration of the native Japanese name. Japanese also has a Chinese loanword, shōzu (小豆), which means "small bean", its counterpart "large bean" (大豆, daizu) being the soybean. It is common to write 小豆 in kanji but pronounce it as azuki listen , an example of jukujikun. In China, the corresponding name (Chinese: 小豆; pinyin: xiǎodòu) still is used in botanical or agricultural parlance, however, in everyday Chinese, the more common terms are hongdou (红豆; hóngdòu) and chidou (赤豆; chìdòu), both meaning "red bean", because almost all Chinese cultivars are uniformly red. In English-language discussions of Chinese topics, the term "red bean" often is used (especially in reference to red bean paste), but in other contexts this usage may cause confusion with other beans that also are red. In normal contexts, "red cowpeas" have been used to refer to this bean. In Korean, adzuki beans are called pat (팥) and it contrasts with kong (콩, "bean"), rather than being considered a type of it. Kong ("beans") without qualifiers usually means soybeans. In Vietnamese it is called đậu đỏ (literally: red bean). In some parts of India, they are referred to as "red chori".[9] In Punjabi it is called ravaa'n and is a common ingredient of chaat. In Marathi, it is known as lal chavali (लाल चवळी), literally meaning 'red cowpea'. In Iraq its name is lūbyā ḥamrāˈ (لوبيا حمراء) meaning "red cowpeas".

Cultivation

Area and yield

The adzuki bean is mainly cultivated in China (670,000 ha), Japan (60,000 ha), South Korea (25,000 ha), and Taiwan (15,000 ha) (data published 2006).[8] The bean is also grown commercially in the US, South America, and India,[10] as well as New Zealand, Kongo, and Angola.[7] In Japan, the adzuki bean is the second most important legume after the soy bean; its 1998 annual yield of this crop was around 100,000 tons.[7] With a consumption of about 140,000 t/year (data published 2006), Japan is also the most important importer of adzuki beans.[8] The imports are received from China, Korea, Colombia, Taiwan, US, Thailand, and Canada.[7][8]

The bean yields per area spread over a broad range due to differing cultivation intensity. Amounts of 4 to 8 dt/ha are reported, but in Japan and China yields between 20 and 30 dt/ha are reached.[7]

Ecological requirements

Optimal temperature range for adzuki bean growth is between 15 °C and 30 °C. The crop is not frost-hardy and needs soil temperatures above 6-10 °C (30°-34 °C optimal) for germination. Hot temperatures stimulate vegetative growth and are therefore less favorable for pea production.[7][8][10] The adzuki bean is usually not irrigated. Annual rainfall ranges from 500–1750 mm in areas where the bean is grown. The plant can withstand drought but severe reduction in yield is expected.[7][8] The cultivation of the adzuki bean is possible on preferably well drained soils with pH 5-7.5.[8][10] Fertilizer application differs widely depending on expected yield but is generally similar to soybean. Due to nodulation with rhizobia nitrogen fixation of up to 100 kg/ha is possible.[8][10]

Production

The sowing of the peas is in 2–3 cm depth in rows 30–90 cm apart and 10–45 cm within the row. Rarely seeds are sown by broadcast. The amount of seeds ranges between 8–70 kg/ha. Growth of the crop is slow, therefore weed control is crucial mainly between germination and flowering. Cultivation systems differ largely among different countries. In China adzuki bean is often grown in intercrops with maize, sorghum and millet while in Japan the bean is grown in crop rotations. Harvest of the peas should not be done as long as moisture content of the seed is higher than 16%.[8]

Pests and diseases

Fungal and bacterial diseases of the adzuki bean are powdery mildew, brown stem rot, and bacterial blight. Furthermore, pests such as the adzuki pod worm, Japanese butterbur borer, and cutworm attack the crop. The bean weevil is an important storage pest.[8]

Botany
Illustration

The description of the adzuki bean can vary between authors because there are both wild[11] and cultivated forms[7] of the plant. The adzuki bean is an annual,[8][11] rarely biennial[7] bushy erect or twining herb[8][11] usually between 30 and 90 centimeters high.[11][12] There exist climbing or prostrate forms of the plant.[8] The stem is normally green[12] and sparsely pilose.[11]

Roots

The adzuki bean has a taproot type of root system that can reach a depth of 40–50 cm from the point of seed germination.[12][13]

Leaves

The leaves of the adzuki bean are trifoliate, pinnate and arranged alternately along the stem on a long petiole.[7][8][12] Leaflets are ovate and about 5–10 cm long and 5–8 cm wide.[7][12][13]

Flowers

Adzuki flowers are papilionaceous and bright yellow.[8][12][13] The inflorescence is an axillary false raceme[12] consisting of six[11] to ten[7] (two to twenty[8]) flowers.[7][11][12]

Fruits

Adzuki pods are smooth, cylindrical and thin-walled.[12][13] The colour of the pods is green turning white to grey as they mature.[12][13] The size is between 5–13 cm x 0.5 cm with 2 to 14 seeds per pod.[8][13] Pod shatter during seed ripening and harvesting might be a difficulty under certain conditions.[12][13]

Seeds

The seeds are smooth and subcylindric with a length of 5.0-9.1 mm, width of 4.0-6.3 mm, thickness of 4.1-6.0 mm.[12][13] The thousand kernel weight is between 50 and 200 g.[7] There are many different seed colours from maroon to blue-black mottled with straw.[6]

Physiology

The emergence of the seedlings is hypogeal[12][13] and takes 7–20 days.[8] Compared to other pulses the growth of the plant is slow.[8] Normally the adzuki plant reaches maturity between 80 and 120 days depending on the cultivar and the environmental conditions.[12] Flowering lasts 30–40 days.[8] Commonly the plant self-pollinates but cross-pollination also exists.[8]

Uses
Main article: Red bean paste
Adzuki beans, cooked, no salt
Nutritional value per 100 g
Energy536 kJ (128 kcal)
24.8 g
Dietary fiber7.3 g
0.1 g
7.5 g
VitaminsQuantity %DV†
Thiamine (B1)
10%
0.12 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
5%
0.06 mg
Niacin (B3)
5%
0.72 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
9%
0.43 mg
Vitamin B6
8%
0.1 mg
Folate (B9)
30%
121 μg
Vitamin C
0%
0 mg
MineralsQuantity %DV†
Calcium
3%
28 mg
Copper
15%
0.3 mg
Iron
15%
2 mg
Magnesium
15%
52 mg
Manganese
27%
0.57 mg
Phosphorus
24%
168 mg
Potassium
11%
532 mg
Selenium
2%
1.2 μg
Sodium
1%
8 mg
Zinc
19%
1.8 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water66 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database

In East Asian cuisine, the adzuki bean is commonly sweetened before eating. In particular, it often is boiled with sugar, resulting in red bean paste (anko), a very common ingredient in all of these cuisines. It also is common to add flavoring to the bean paste, such as chestnut.

Red bean paste is used in many Chinese dishes, such as tangyuan, zongzi, mooncakes, baozi, and red bean ice. It also serves as a filling in Japanese sweets such as anpan, dorayaki, imagawayaki, manjū, monaka, anmitsu, taiyaki, and daifuku. A more liquid version, using adzuki beans boiled with sugar and a pinch of salt, produces a sweet dish called hong dou tang. Adzuki beans are commonly eaten sprouted or boiled in a hot, tea-like drink. Some East Asian cultures enjoy red bean paste as a filling or topping for various kinds of waffles, pastries, baked buns, or biscuits.

Traditionally in Japan, rice with adzuki beans (赤飯; sekihan) is cooked for auspicious occasions. Adzuki beans are used in amanattō and ice cream with the whole bean (such as in the 'Cream & Red Bean' product produced by IMEI) or as paste.

Nutritional information

Cooked adzuki beans are 66% water, 25% carbohydrates, including 7% dietary fiber, 8% protein, and contain negligible fat (table). In a 100 gram reference amount, cooked beans provide 128 calories, a moderate to high content (10% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of the B vitamin folate (30% DV), and several dietary minerals (11% to 27% DV, table).

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See also

References
  1. Yang, K; Tian, Z; Chen, C; Luo, L; Zhao, B; Wang, Z; Yu, L; Li, Y; Sun, Y; Li, W; Chen, Y; Li, Y; Zhang, Y; Ai, D; Zhao, J; Shang, C; Ma, Y; Wu, B; Wang, M; Gao, L; Sun, D; Zhang, P; Guo, F; Wang, W; Li, Y; Wang, J; Varshney, R. K; Wang, J; Ling, H. Q; Wan, P (2015). "Genome sequencing of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) provides insight into high starch and low fat accumulation and domestication". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (43): 13213–13218. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11213213Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.1420949112. PMC 4629392. PMID 26460024.
  2. Yamaguchi, Hirofumi (1992). "Wild and Weed Azuki Beans in Japan". Economic Botany. 46 (4): 384–394. doi:10.1007/bf02866509.
  3. Kaga, Akito; Isemura, Takehisa; Tomooka, Norihiko; Vaughan, Duncan A. (2008). "The Genetics of Domestication of the Azuki Bean (Vigna angularis)". Genetics. 178 (2): 1013–1036. doi:10.1534/genetics.107.078451. PMC 2248364. PMID 18245368.
  4. Kang, Yang Jae (2015). "Draft sequence of adzuki bean, Vigna angularis". Scientific Reports. 5 (8069): 8069. doi:10.1038/srep08069. PMC 5389050. PMID 25626881.
  5. Lee, Gyoung-Ah (2012). "Archaeological perspectives on the origins of azuki (Vigna angularis)". The Holocene. 23 (3): 453–459. doi:10.1177/0959683612460788.
  6. Fuller, Dorian Q (2007). "Contrasting Patterns in Crop Domestication and Domestication Rates: Recent Archaeobotanical Insights from the Old World". Annals of Botany. 100 (5): 903–924. doi:10.1093/aob/mcm048. PMC 2759199. PMID 17495986.
  7. Schuster. "Adzukibohne (Vigna angularis [Willd.] Ohwi et Ohashi)". geb.uni-giessen.de. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
  8. Jansen. "Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi". www.prota4u.org. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
  9. "Indian beans". Seedsofindia.com. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
  10. "Floridata Plant Encyclopedia Vigna Angularis". Steve Christman. Retrieved 2016-11-08.
  11. Wu, Delin; Thulin, Mats. "Vigna.: Vigna angularis (Willdenow) Ohwi & H. Ohashi". Retrieved 2016-11-09.
  12. FAO. "Vigna angularis". Retrieved 2016-11-09.
  13. Lumpkin, T.A.; Konovsky, J.C.; Larson, K.J.; McClary, D.C. "Potential New Specialty Crops from Asia: Azuki Bean, Edamame Soybean, and Astragalus". Retrieved 2016-11-09.
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