Adverbial genitive

English

In Old and Middle English, the genitive case was productive, and adverbial genitives were commonplace. While Modern English does not fully retain the genitive case, it has left various relics, including a number of adverbial genitives. Some of them are now analyzed as ordinary adverbs, including the following:

  • always[1] (from all way)
  • afterwards,[2] towards,[3] and so on (from their counterparts in -ward, which historically were adjectives)
  • once,[4] twice,[5] and thrice[6] (from the roots of one, two, and three)
  • hence,[7] thence,[8] and whence[9] (related to the roots of here, there, and where)

Some words were formed from the adverbial genitive along with an additional parasitic -t:

  • amidst[10] (from amid)
  • amongst[11] (from among)
  • midst[12] (from mid)
  • whilst[13] (from while)

The adverbial genitive also survives in a number of stock phrases; for example, in "I work days and sleep nights", the words days and nights are analyzed as plural nouns but are in fact derived historically from the genitive or instrumental cases of day and night. (That they function as adverbs rather than as direct objects is clear from the rephrasing "I work during the day and sleep at night.") The modern British expression "Of an afternoon I go for a walk" has a similar origin, but uses the periphrasis "of + noun" to replace the original genitive. This periphrastic form has variously been marked as used "particularly in isolated and mountainous regions of the southern United States"[14] and as having "a distinctly literary feel".[15]

German

German uses the genitive as a productive case, in addition to adverbial genitive expressions.

The adverbial suffix -erweise added to adjectives is derived from the feminine singular genitive adjective ending -er agreeing with the noun Weise 'manner'. For example, the adverb glücklicherweise 'fortunately' can be analyzed as glücklicher Weise 'fortunate way [genitive]', i.e. 'in a fortunate way' or more explicitly ‘in a manner of good fortune’ (which also hints at the possessive role of the case).

The conjunction falls ('if') is the genitive of Fall 'case'. Likewise for keinesfalls/keineswegs ('by no means of'), andernfalls ('otherwise' i.e. ‘another way of’).

The preposition angesichts ('in view of') is the genitive of Angesicht ('face').

The time expressions morgens, mittags, abends, nachts, eines Tages (one day) and eines Nachts (one night; analogized with eines Tages, though Nacht is feminine) use the adverbial genitive.

gollark: It has *actual* gigabit now, USB 3.0 (though I think still somewhat bandwidth-limited), and a much better CPU than the RPi3B+.
gollark: <@218268648609939456> The RPi4 is... basically that, though not a Pine product.
gollark: The Pi 4 has 4 A72 cores and the RP64 has 2 A72 ones plus 4 A53 ones, but they're clocked higher. I don't know which of those is actually *better*, since I haven't checked benchmarks.
gollark: There's also Pine's own RockPro64, which I think is ~~about as fast~~ somewhat faster as the Pi4 CPU-wise, and the ODROID N2, which is probably one of the most powerful reasonably cheap ARM SBCs about.
gollark: The RPi4 has a better CPU and GPU than the 3, no idea if it can run that.

See also

References
  1. Harper, Douglas. "always". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  2. Harper, Douglas. "afterwards". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  3. Harper, Douglas. "toward". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  4. Harper, Douglas. "once". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  5. Harper, Douglas. "twice". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  6. Harper, Douglas. "thrice". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  7. Harper, Douglas. "hence". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  8. Harper, Douglas. "thence". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  9. Harper, Douglas. "whence". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  10. Harper, Douglas. "amidst". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  11. Harper, Douglas. "amongst". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  12. Harper, Douglas. "midst". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  13. Harper, Douglas. "whilst". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  14. "Our living language" comment to the entry of, page 1219, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, fourth edition, Boston and New York:Houghton Mifflin, 2000 ISBN 0-395-82517-2
  15. Entry of.3, page 680, Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, 1994 ISBN 0-87779-132-5
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