Habitual aspect

In linguistics, the aspect of a verb is a grammatical category that defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof) in a given action, event, or state.[1][2] As its name suggests, the habitual aspect (abbreviated HAB), not to be confused with iterative aspect or frequentative aspect, specifies an action as occurring habitually: the subject performs the action usually, ordinarily, or customarily. As such, the habitual aspect provides structural information on the nature of the subject referent, "John smokes" being interpretable as "John is a smoker", "Enjoh habitually gets up early in the morning" as "Enjoh is an early bird". The habitual aspect is a type of imperfective aspect, which does not depict an event as a single entity viewed only as a whole but instead specifies something about its internal temporal structure.

Östen Dahl found that the habitual past, the most common tense context for the habitual, occurred in only seven of 60 languages sampled, including English.[2]:101 Especially in Turkic languages such as Azerbaijani and Turkish, he found[2]:111 that the habitual can occur in combination with the predictive mood.

English
Main article: English markers of habitual aspect

Standard English has two habitual aspectual forms in the past tense. One is illustrated by the sentence I used to go there frequently. The used to [infinitive] construction always refers to the habitual aspect when the infinitive is a non-stative verb; in contrast, when used to is used with a stative verb, the aspect can be interpreted as stative (that is, it indicates an ongoing, unchanging state, as in I used to know that), although Bernard Comrie classifies this, too, as habitual.[1]:98–99 Used to can be used with or without an indicator of temporal location in the past (We used to do that, We used to do that in 1974); but the time indicator cannot be too specific; for example, *We used to do that at 3 pm yesterday is not grammatical.[1]

The second way that habituality is expressed in the past is by using the auxiliary verb would, as in Last summer we would go there every day. This usage requires a lexical indication of when the action occurred; by itself the sentence We would go there does not express habituality, while We used to go there does even though it does not specify when.[1]:98–99 As with used to, would also has other uses in English that do not indicate habituality: in In January 1986 I knew I would graduate in four months, it indicates the future viewed from a past perspective; in I would go if I felt better, it indicates the conditional mood.

English can also indicate habituality in a time-unspecific way, referring generically to the past, present, and future, by using the auxiliary will as in He will make that mistake all the time, won't he?. As with used to and would, the auxiliary will has other uses as well: as an indicator of future time (The sun will rise tomorrow at 6:14), and as a modal verb indicating volition (At this moment I will not tolerate dissent).

Habitual aspect is frequently expressed in unmarked form in English, as in I walked to work every day for ten years, I walk to work every day, and I will walk to work every day after I get well.[1]:124

The habitual and progressive aspects can be combined in English, as in He used to be playing..[1]:30 Every time I visit, he's always making something.

Present tense
Main article: Habitual be

African American Vernacular English and Caribbean English use an invariant be to mark habitual or extended actions in the present tense. Some Hiberno-English in Ireland uses the construction do be to mark the habitual present.[3]

Hindi

Hindi has a specific participle form to mark the habitual aspect.[4] Habitual aspect in Hindi grammar is marked by the habitual participle (which is the same as the contrafactual/conditional/past subjunctive mood in Hindi). The habitual participle is constructed from the infinitive form of the verb by removing the infinitive marker -nā from the verb root and adding -tā. The participles in Hindi agree with the gender and the number of the subject of the sentence which is marked by the vowel the participles end in.[5] "Periphrastic Hindi verb forms consist of two elements. The first of these two elements is the aspect marker. The second element is the tense-mood marker." [4]

Aspect Masculine Feminine Copula
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Habitual kərtɑ kərte kərti honɑ

Hindi Verbs can be put into five moods which are: indicative (present, past, future), presumptive (present, past), subjunctive (present, future), contrafactual (present, past), imperative (present, future). The contrafactual mood marks both the past subjunctive mood and the conditional mood.[6] All the habitual aspectual forms in their all the moods are shown in the table below:

Mood Tense Gender Pronouns Translation

(Only 3rd Person)

mɜ̃ tu/yəh/vəh tum ye/ve/ɑp/həm
Indicative Present M kərtɑ hũ kərtɑ hɜ kərte ho kərte hɜ̃ he does
F kərti hũ kərti hɜ kərti ho kərti hɜ̃ she does
Past M kərtɑ thɑ kərte the he used to do
F kərti thi kərti thĩ she used to do
Presumptive Non-future M kərtɑ hũgɑ kərtɑ hogɑ kərte hoge kərte hõge he (presumably) does/used to do it
F kərti hũgi kərti hogi kərti hogi kərti hõgi she (presumably) does/used to do it
Subjunctive Present M kərtɑ hũ kərtɑ ho kərte ho kərte hõ (wish that) he does
F kərti hũ kərti ho kərti ho kərti hõ (wish that) she does
Contrafactual Past M kərtɑ hotɑ kərte hote (wish that) he did / were doing
F kərti hoti kərti hotĩ (wish that) she did / were doing

Note:

  1. The difference between continuous and progressive aspect is explained in the attached link.
  2. Habitual aspect cannot be put into future tense, hence future subjunctive and future indicative are not shown.

Romance languages

The Romance languages such as French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese do not have a grammatical form that is specific to the habitual aspect. In the past tense, they have a form called the imperfect, which combines the past tense with the imperfective aspect; it is used to indicate that a past ongoing process was habitual or continuous.

Cantonese

Cantonese, a Sinitic language, has a dedicated particle to express the habitual aspect, 開 hoi1, which follows the verb. This is unlike Mandarin and some other Sinitic languages, which have no grammatical indicators of the habitual aspect, but may express habituality via circumlocution.

gollark: You need more formal systems to organize people at scale, and we need scale.
gollark: Many companies doing things will have more people than that in one department.
gollark: According to the widely shared arbitrary estimate of Dunbar's number you can have something like 150 close social connections. This is probably at least order-of-magnitude accurate.
gollark: I'm saying that I don't think you can operate them off altruism/social connections because they involve too much scale.
gollark: If you want nice 5nm CPUs you're going to need giant fabs and the companies supplying tooling to them and whoever supplies exotic chemicals to them and whatever.

References
  1. Comrie, Bernard (1976). Aspect. Cambridge University Press. pp. 25, 30, 98–99, 114–115, 124.
  2. Dahl, Östen (1985). Tense and Aspect Systems. Blackwell. pp. 95, 99–101, 111.
  3. Hickey, Raymond (2007). Irish English: History and present-day forms. Studies in English Language. Cambridge University Press. pp. 219–221. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511551048.005. ISBN 978-0-521-85299-9. OL 22766540M.
  4. VAN OLPHEN, HERMAN (1975). "ASPECT, TENSE, AND MOOD IN THE HINDI VERB". Indo-Iranian Journal. 16 (4): 284–301. ISSN 0019-7246.
  5. Shapiro, Michael C. (2003). A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. pp. 231–236. ISBN 81-208-0508-9.
  6. Sharma, Ghanshyam (November 2010), Singh, Rajendra (ed.), "On Hindi Conditionals - Ghanshyam Sharma", Annual Review of South Asian Languages and Linguistics, Mouton de Gruyter, retrieved 2020-07-01
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