1 Wall Street

1 Wall Street (also known as the Irving Trust Company Building, the Bank of New York Building, and the BNY Mellon Building) is a skyscraper in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City, on the eastern side of Broadway between Wall Street and Exchange Place. 1 Wall Street, designed in the Art Deco style, is 654 feet (199 m) tall and consists of two sections. The original 50-story building was designed by Ralph Thomas Walker of the firm Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker and constructed between 1929 and 1931, while a 36-story annex to the south was designed by successor firm Voorhees, Walker Smith Smith & Haines and built from 1963 to 1965.

Not to be confused with Wall Street 1 (film); Wallstreet 1 (computer); or 48 Wall Street, also known as the Bank of New York Building.

1 Wall Street
Seen from the east in 2010
General information
StatusComplete
TypeCommercial, residential
Architectural styleArt Deco
Location1 Wall St., Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
Coordinates40°42′26″N 74°00′42″W
Construction started1929 (original building)
1963 (annex)
Completed1931 (original building)
1965 (annex)
OpeningMarch 24, 1931
Renovated2018–2021
OwnerMacklowe Properties
Height
Roof654 ft (199 m)
Top floor52[lower-alpha 1]
Technical details
Floor count50
Floor area1,165,645 sq ft (108,292.0 m2)
Lifts/elevators41
Design and construction
ArchitectRalph Walker
DeveloperIrving Trust
Main contractorMarc Eidlitz
References
[1][2]
New York City Landmark
DesignatedMarch 13, 2001[3]
Reference no.2029[3]

The facade, made of limestone, contains slight inwardly-curved bays with fluting to resemble curtains. On the lower stories are narrow windows with mullions, as well as ornate entrances. The massing of 1 Wall Street incorporates numerous small setbacks, and the top of the original building consists of a freestanding tower. The corners of the original building consist of chamfers, while the top of the tower has fluted windowless bays. The facade of the annex is designed in a style evocative of the original structure. Inside is an ornate main lobby with colored mosaics.

1 Wall Street had been constructed for Irving Trust, one of the larger banks in New York City in the early 20th century. At the time of its construction, the building occupied what was then considered one of the most valuable plots in the city. The building replaced three previous structures, including the Manhattan Life Insurance Building, once the world's tallest building. After Irving Trust was acquired by The Bank of New York Mellon (BNY Mellon) in 1988, 1 Wall Street subsequently served as BNY Mellon's global headquarters through 2015. The building was purchased by Harry Macklowe and is undergoing a renovation from 2018 to 2021, which will convert it to a residential building with some commercial space.

The building is regarded as one of New York City's Art Deco landmarks, despite initially remaining ignored in favor of such buildings as the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the original portion of the building as a city landmark in 2001.

Site

1 Wall Street occupies the entire block in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, bounded by Broadway to the west, Wall Street to the north, New Street to the east, and Exchange Place to the south. 1 Wall Street is adjacent to the Adams Express Building, 65 Broadway, the Empire Building, Trinity Church, and Trinity Church's churchyard to the west; the American Surety Company Building to the north; 14 Wall Street to the northeast; the New York Stock Exchange Building to the east; and 52 Broadway to the south.[4] Entrances to the New York City Subway's Wall Street station, served by the 4 and ​5 trains, are located in and adjacent to the building.[5]

Because of the curves in the facade, the original structure does not completely occupy its full land lot, and some 180 square feet (17 m2) of the lot was used as sidewalk space. At the chamfered corners of the building, the facade is recessed by up to 7.5 feet (2.3 m) from the lot line. Consequently, when 1 Wall Street was built, its main occupant Irving Trust embedded small metal plaques to assert the boundaries of its lot.[6][7]

Design

The original building was designed by Ralph Walker of the Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker in the Art Deco style. The annex was designed by Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker's successor firm Voorhees, Walker Smith Smith & Haines. The original building reaches 50 stories and stands 654 feet (199 m) tall.[8][2] The southern annex was originally 28 stories tall with a height of about 391 feet (119 m),[9] but in 2019 was expanded to 36 stories[2][10] with a height of about 494 feet (151 m).[11] Dormer structures of up to two stories are located on the tops of both sections.[10]

Walker had designed other Art Deco buildings in the New York City area, mainly telecommunications structures. These included the Verizon Building (1927), New Jersey Bell Headquarters Building (1929), 60 Hudson Street (1930), and 32 Avenue of the Americas (1932), as well as telephone buildings in Upstate New York.[12]

Form

1 Wall Street contains numerous setbacks on its exterior. Though setbacks in New York City skyscrapers were mandated by the 1916 Zoning Resolution in order to allow light and air to reach the streets below,[12][13] they later became a defining feature of the Art Deco style.[14]

The original building, on the northern portion of the site, contains a series of small setbacks starting at the 20th story and continuing until the 35th story, above which a slender tower rises.[10][8] The southern portion of the original building rises as high as a dormer on the 37th floor, though the 36th floor is the highest story that also connects to the annex.[10] It measures 179 feet (55 m) on Broadway by 102 feet (31 m) on Wall Street.[8][15][16]

The southern annex has fewer setbacks. On the New Street side, there are setbacks above the 5th and 10th floors; the building then rises as a slender slab with setbacks on the 29th, 34th, and 35th floors.[10] Along Broadway, the facade of the annex was originally recessed behind that of the original building, by a width of two vertical bays.[17] In 2018, an entrance to the retail space was constructed in front of the annex,[18] ranging between one and seven stories high. The facade of the 2018 addition projects forward to the facade of the original structure. In total, according to zoning documents, the annex measures 180 feet (55 m) on Broadway and 132.5 feet (40.4 m) on Exchange Place.[10]

Facade
Entrance to 1 Wall Street

1 Wall Street's facade is made primarily of limestone.[19][20] This contrasts with the brick facades of Walker's telecommunications buildings, the use of which was likely influenced by Dutch and German Expressionism.[19][21] The original building has indented vertical bays with fluting that are arranged similarly to curtains.[19][22] The annex is also mostly made of limestone,[8] but the annex's retail entrance is made of glass.[18]

Original building

The facade of 1 Wall Street's original section contains several decorative elements that make it appear as an "organic" design, rather than a machine-produced design.[19] Walker said that 1 Wall Street would "have 200 thousand people looking at it from all sides" in a single year, including workers and pedestrians, and that they should have "mental relief and pleasure" when looking at the building.[19][23] Walker also stated that in 1 Wall Street's design, he "tried to superimpose one rhythm upon a basic rhythm", and as such, he treated the facade as a series of "rhythmic motifs" in different sizes.[8][24] Each of the bays is separated by curved, projecting piers until the top of the setback.[25] Several piers also contain vertical incisions for emphasis.[17] The windows of the original building had to be specifically designed with curved frames in order to fit into the facade.[22]

The base of the original building is composed of the lowest three stories. The section of the base along Wall Street is eight bays wide, with a double-width entrance in the middle of the Wall Street facade, which is reached by a short flight of stairs and leads to the main lobby. The sections of the base on Broadway and New Street are seventeen bays wide.[17] There is an exposed granite basement on New Street with a service entrance.[26] On the upper floors, each of the bays has a single sash window on each floor. The northwestern and northeastern corners of the building both contain chamfers.[17]

Features

1 Wall Street was the first office structure in Lower Manhattan to use alternating current for electric power. It contained a network of pneumatic tubes for sending documents between floors.[8]

The building contains 43 elevators and 14 escalators.[2] When built, 1 Wall Street contained 29 elevators.[8] Irving Trust had its own private elevators, while the rest of the building contained three types of elevators, providing service to the lower, intermediate, or upper floors.[27] Because the New Street side of the building was lower than the Broadway side, engineers configured the original elevator shafts so that double-deck elevators could be installed if necessary.[28] These double-deck elevators were never built.[29] Some of the elevators were located near the building's exterior walls.[30]

Interior

There is 1,165,645 sq ft (108,292 m2) of interior space,[1] of which the original building had 500,000 square feet (46,000 m2) of floor space.[27][31] There are also five basement levels under the original structure.[27] Upon the building's opening, Irving Trust occupied the basements, lowest ten floors, and uppermost three floors of 1 Wall Street.[8][31][32] Following its 2018-2021 conversion, 1 Wall Street contained 678,000 square feet (63,000 m2) of residential space and 166,000 square feet (15,400 m2) of commercial space.[33]

Lobby
External video
Tour an Art Deco Masterpiece, The Daily 360 , The New York Times

At ground level is the Red Room, a large space with a ceiling stretching 33 feet (10 m) high.[34] It was designed as the reception room rather than a banking room.[8][27] The Red Room measures 100 feet (30 m) long, stretching the entire distance between the western and eastern facades, and 40 feet (12 m) wide.[27]

The walls and ceilings are decorated with 8,911 square feet (827.9 m2) of red and gold mosaics designed by Hildreth Meiere and manufactured by the Ravenna Mosaic Company in Long Island City and in Berlin.[31][34][35] The ceiling had an allegorical painting measuring 20 by 66 feet (6.1 by 20.1 m), depicting the influence of wealth on the creation of beauty, was made by Meiere and Kimon Nicolaïdes.[29][31] The walls are made of Pyrenees black marble, and the columns are made of Verona red marble; a similar design was used in the Stockholm City Hall.[31] When the annex was built, the travertine flooring of the lobby was extended into the original building, and the original lobby's ceiling was covered with a dropped ceiling.[29]

Upper floors

The upper floors were accessed from another lobby on Wall Street. As arranged, Irving Trust's directors' room was on the 46th floor, while the stories above it had dining spaces and a 3-story observation lounge. These spaces contained Art Deco furnishings.[29] The other floors, except the lowest ten above-ground floors, were rented out to commercial concerns.[8][27][29] In addition, there was an executive lounge at the 49th story, which had a ceiling made of gold-leaf seashells.[20]

After 1 Wall Street's residential conversion, there were 566 condominium apartments, 47 of which have private decks. Of the total units, 304 are studios and one-bedroom units.[30][34] There are also numerous amenities such as an indoor swimming pool and a 39th-floor observation deck, as well as a library, golf simulator, dog spa, and playroom.[30][33][34] These amenities are mostly clustered in the annex.[18] IThe upper three floors were converted into a three-story penthouse apartment with 12,965 square feet (1,204.5 m2), four bedrooms and four bathrooms, as well as a private library and chef's kitchen.[33][34]

Vault

Irving Trust's vault, weighing 5,000 short tons (4,500 long tons; 4,500 t) was located 69 to 72 feet (21 to 22 m) below ground level. At the time of the building's completion, the vault was the second-largest in the city and third-largest in the world, behind those of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building and the Bank of England.[22][31][36] The vault was encased in a 6-foot-thick (1.8 m) wall composed of iron, steel, and concrete.[31][36] The vault contained three stories and stretched from Broadway to New Street; the upper floor of the vault was used by bank customers while the lower floors stored Irving Trust's own fortunes. Each story had 2,700 square feet (250 m2) of space.[8][37][38] A tank of water, as well as modern chemical, electrical, and mechanical features, were used to prevent potential break-ins.[36][39]

History

Previous structures

Northern portion

Since the settlement of New Amsterdam in the 17th century, only three buildings on the northern portion of the current skyscraper's site had carried the address 1 Wall Street. The first was a 17th-century stone house and the second was built in the 19th century.[40][41] The third such structure was an 18-story office building built in 1907 and designed by St. Louis-based firm Barnett, Haynes & Barnett.[42][43] The structure was known as the "Chimney Building"[44][45] or the "'chimney corner' building",[46] and its footprint measured only 29 by 39 feet (8.8 by 11.9 m).[47][48] The Chimney Building was developed by a syndicate from St. Louis, headed by Festus Wade of the St. Louis Mercantile Trust Company.[44] In mid-1905, the company paid $700,000 for the 1,131-square-foot (105.1 m2) plot, or an average of $576 per square foot ($6,200/m2).[49][50] The next year, the syndicate announced that it would start erecting an 18-story structure at 1 Wall Street.[51] The Chimney Building was completed in 1907,[48] and for years afterward, its site was regarded as the world's most valuable.[45]

Adjoining the Chimney Building were five other structures: a 20-story building at 74 Broadway, the 15-story Union Trust Building at 80 Broadway, and three other buildings of between 10 and 12 stories. The oldest of these was the Union Trust Building, which was erected in 1889 and had 8-foot-thick (2.4 m) masonry walls because engineers of the time did not know how much steel the building required.[52] One of the twelve-story structures surrounded the Chimney Building, and in 1926, this structure and the Chimney Building were sold to a syndicate of bankers.[45]

Southern portion

The southern half of the block contained two structures: the Manhattan Life Insurance Building on the north and the Knickerbocker Trust Company Building to the south. The 18-story Manhattan Life Building, completed in 1894, was located in the middle of the block at 64 Broadway.[53] The Manhattan Life Building was slightly extended north in 1904 to encompass all lots between 64 and 70 Broadway.[54]

The Knickerbocker Trust Company bought the land immediately south of the Manhattan Life Building in early 1906,[55] and finalized building plans the next year.[56] The 22-story Knickerbocker Trust building at 60 Broadway was completed in 1909[57] and contained a ground-floor banking room, a private penthouse restaurant, and eight elevators.[55] There was a 23-foot-wide (7.0 m) space between the Manhattan Life and Knickerbocker Trust buildings.[55] A 10-inch (250 mm) strip of land on the northern side of the gap was sold to John E. Schermerhorn in 1912.[58] The Schermerhorn family subsequently built an eight-story structure at 62 Broadway, within the gap.[59]

Planning and construction
Looking east from Rector Street

The idea for the current skyscraper was attributed to Irving Trust president Harry Ward.[60] Irving Trust, founded in 1851, had merged with numerous other banks in preceding years,[61] and had outgrown its offices in 60 Broadway, the Equitable Building, and the Woolworth Building.[62] At the time of the proposal, the bank was known as American Exchange Irving Trust, having merged in 1926 with the American Exchange-Pacific National Bank.[63] During the mid- and late 1920s, many Art Deco office buildings were constructed in New York City, peaking around 1929 and 1930.[62][64] Additionally, banks in Manhattan were clustering around Wall Street, and the corner of Broadway and Wall Street was seen as a valuable location.[65][66]

Planning

By April 1928 the Central Union Trust Company controlled the buildings from 64 to 80 Broadway, and reportedly planned to build a 36-story structure at the site of the Chimney Building.[67] The following month, American Exchange Irving Trust bought the Chimney Building along with three adjacent structures at 7 Wall Street, and 74 and 80 Broadway, in exchange for $5.5 million in cash and a $9 million mortgage.[46][15][16] The transaction cost approximately $725 per square foot ($7,800/m2).[15] Following the sale, the Central Union Trust Company moved to the Manhattan Life Building[46] and modified the structures at 60, 62, and 70 Broadway.[68]

Immediately after the purchase, Irving Trust's board of directors founded a sub-committee for construction oversight, and several Irving Trust employees formed the One Wall Street Unit to coordinate logistical planning for the new skyscraper. Thirty-five potential architects were identified and interviewed extensively.[16] Ultimately, in June 1928, Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker was hired to design the structure,[69] and Marc Eidlitz was hired as builder.[16] Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker filed plans with the Manhattan Bureau of Buildings the next month. The initial plans called for a 46-story building, on a plot of 178 by 101 feet (54 by 31 m).[70] In October 1928, local newspapers reported that Irving Trust had accepted "final plans" for a 44-story building rising 560 feet (170 m).[66][71] The actual final plans, filed in June 1929, provided for a 50-story structure.[16]

Construction and opening

Demolition of the four buildings on the northern portion of the Irving Trust site began in May 1929,[47] while work on the building itself began that August.[8] The ceremonial cornerstone was laid on January 15, 1930.[72][73] During the construction process, nearby structures such as Trinity Church were shored up.[8] In March 1930, Irving Trust signed an agreement with the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, at the time one of the operators of the city's subway system, to build three new entrances to the Wall Street station on Broadway and another entrance in 1 Wall Street's basement.[74] The frame involved the installation of 250,000 rivets and was completed within five months of the groundbreaking without any serious incidents. When the steel frame topped out on May 12, 1930, workers hoisted an evergreen tree to the top of the frame. While the workers were securing the final rivets, a hot steel rivet fell from the building's top and hit a truck below, narrowly missing the truck driver's head and causing a small fire on the street.[75][76]

The exterior was completed by August 1930.[27] Several hundred boxcars were used to transport the building's Indiana Limestone to New York City;[lower-alpha 2] according to railroad workers, it was the largest-ever such order.[22] Before being used in the building, the limestone blocks went to a workshop in Long Island City, where they were carved to meet the building's specifications.[8][22]

Irving Trust use

Opening and early years

By December 1930, Irving Trust announced that 80% of the space had been leased in the nearly-completed building.[32] Tenants started moving into 1 Wall Street by mid-March 1931, before its formal opening. Among the tenants were several members of the New York Stock Exchange and Curb Exchange.[77] The Irving Trust Company moved into the building on March 23, 1931. Two hundred guards armed with machine guns moved the bank's $8 billion holdings from its former location at the Woolworth Building.[36][78][79] The next day, 1 Wall Street opened to public use, with thousands of visitors.[80] By that time, the building was 90% occupied.[79] Shortly afterward, the Fiduciary Trust Company of New York also moved its banking quarters to the 30th floor, making that space the highest banking quarters in New York City.[81]

In a 1938 incident, an electrical transformer on the 21st-story setback blew up. No one was injured, though the windows were shaken.[82]

Expansion and later use

The original building soon became too small to accommodate the operations of Irving Trust and its tenants. Accordingly, in 1961, Irving Trust purchased from Hanover Bank the three buildings at 60, 62, and 70 Broadway, thereby giving Irving Trust control of the entire block between Broadway, Wall Street, New Street, and Exchange Place.[83][84] The company initially anticipated that the annex would cost $25 million.[85][86] Voorhees, Walker Smith Smith & Haines were hired to design the annex. By mid-1963, the site had been cleared;[87] in preparation of the work, Irving Trust took a sublease at 2 Broadway.[88] To finance construction, Irving Trust sold the building to a subsidiary, which then sold $30 million of secured notes to investors.[89] Renovations also took place in the original building; tenants continued to use 1 Wall Street during construction, but the vault in the basement was emptied. A refrigeration plant was installed on the annex's roof to provide air-conditioning to both buildings.[90] The project was finished by late 1965.[91]

Cornerstone, modified to contain the words "The Bank of New York"

Between 1987 and 1988, Irving Trust held negotiations to merge with the Bank of New York, which at the time was headquartered nearby at 48 Wall Street.[26] Irving Trust initially rejected buy-out offers from the Bank of New York because the latter had "undervalued" Irving Trust's assets such as 1 Wall Street.[92] By October 1988, with a merger imminent, Irving Trust placed 1 Wall Street for auction; at the time, the building was valued at $250 million.[93] With the Bank of New York's acquisition of the Irving Trust in December 1988,[94] the company became known as BNY Mellon, and its headquarters moved to 1 Wall Street.[95]

BNY Mellon opened a museum on the 10th floor in 1998, which was dedicated to the history of both banks. During the same time, BNY Mellon hired Hoffmann Architects to conduct mortar repair and window replacements.[29] While 1 Wall Street was not damaged following the September 11 attacks at the nearby World Trade Center in 2001, BNY Mellon's operations were disrupted, and 1 Wall Street had to be cleaned up.[96]

Sale and conversion

By January 2014, BNY Mellon was looking to sell its headquarters, as it was moving to a location with less space.[97] In May 2014, BNY Mellon sold the building to a joint venture led by Harry B. Macklowe's Macklowe Properties for $585 million,[98][99][100] though BNY Mellon continued to occupy the building until September 2015.[101] Macklowe added up to 174,000 square feet (16,200 m2) of retail space at the base.[30][102] He initially planned to make 1 Wall Street a mixed-use residential and office building, but in early 2017, changed these plans so that it would be almost entirely residential condominiums, since an all-residential building would require less debt.[103][104] Macklowe Properties partnered with former Prime Minister of Qatar Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani in a bid to convert the office property into 566 condos with retail at the base.[105] The renovation was originally supposed to be undertaken by Robert A.M. Stern Architects, though it was replaced by the firm SLCE Architects.[30] Deutsche Bank provided $750 million in debt for the conversion.[105]

As part of the renovation, 34 elevators and 16 escalators were removed.[106] The original layout of the building included elevators near the perimeter wall, but this took up usable space near windows. As such, Macklowe removed 20 of the elevators that served upper floors and added 10 new elevators in the building core.[30][101] The demolition of the interior was completed in November 2018.[107] In addition, the Red Room was restored between 2016 and 2018, in advance of its conversion into a retail space.[30][102][108] The Red Room's restoration utilized tiles that had been placed in storage and unused when the building was originally erected.[108] A new entrance was also constructed on Broadway, its design being based on one of Walker's unrealized plans for 1 Wall Street.[18]

Retail leases were signed for the lower floors. In 2016, for instance, a 44,000-square-foot (4,100 m2) lease was signed for Whole Foods Market.[109][110] Three years later, Life Time Fitness signed a 74,000-square-foot (6,900 m2) lease to open a gym on the first four floors of the building.[111] The residential units were expected to open in late 2020, while the Red Room and Whole Foods would open in 2021.[102][112]

Critical reception and landmark status

1 Wall Street received an accolade from the Broadway Association in 1931; the association designated the building as the "most worthy of civic endorsement" out of all structures erected around Broadway in 1930.[113][114] A writer for the New York Evening Post called Meiere's lobby mural "one of the most costly and beautiful pieces of mural decoration ever attempted in the United States".[115] However, architectural critics of the mid-20th century generally ignored the building in favor of more widely renowned structures, such as the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and 40 Wall Street.[29] Critic Lewis Mumford stated of 1 Wall Street's facade, "Chaste though that exterior is, it is mere swank, and unconvincing swank at that".[116] Because of Irving Trust's role as a receiver for bankrupt companies, 1 Wall Street was called the "Central Repair Shop for Broken Businesses".[29]

Ada Louise Huxtable of The New York Times wrote in 1975 that 1 Wall Street was "an Art Deco masterpiece".[117] The Times said in 2001 that a "triumvirate of great Art Deco contemporaries" in New York City would include the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and 1 Wall Street.[35] Robert A. M. Stern stated that in 1 Wall Street's design, "structure became an unseen prop for poetry"; he further called the building's form "a natural precipice of stone shaped by erosion".[20][118]

In 2001, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the original portion of 1 Wall Street as an official city landmark. The designation only included the exterior of the original building and did not extend to the southern annex.[18][35] The lobby interior was not given a separate interior-landmark designation because such designations at the time were reserved for publicly accessible spaces. Since the lobby could only be used by BNY Mellon workers at the time of the exterior designation, it was legally considered to be closed to the public.[35] As a result of the landmark designation's limited scope, most of the improvements made in the 2010s condominium conversion were made to the annex, since changes to designated landmarks required the commission's approval.[18]

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See also

References

Notes
  1. There are officially 50 floors, excluding two extra dormer floors on the roof.
  2. The Brooklyn Citizen quotes the builders as saying 288 boxcars had been used.[32] However, the New York Herald Tribune and the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission state that over 400 boxcars were used.[8][22]

Citations
  1. "One Wall Street". Skyscraper Center. CTBUH. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
  2. "Bank of New York Building". Emporis. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  3. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2001, p. 1.
  4. "NYCityMap". NYC.gov. New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  5. "MTA Neighborhood Maps: Lower Manhattan" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2018.
  6. "Adds to Sidewalk Space; But Irving Trust Company Reserves Right to Wall Street Corners". The New York Times. October 7, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  7. "Public Wins Free Strolls On Private Wall St. Walk" (PDF). New York Evening Post. October 8, 1930. p. 7. Retrieved June 4, 2020 – via fultonhistory.com.
  8. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2001, p. 6.
  9. "One Wall Street Annex - The Skyscraper Center". The Skyscraper Center. April 7, 2016. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  10. "Zoning Diagram; Premises: 60 Broadway Manhattan". New York City Department of Buildings. April 20, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  11. "One Wall Street South Building - The Skyscraper Center". The Skyscraper Center. April 7, 2016. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  12. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2001, p. 4.
  13. Willis, Carol (March 1986). "Zoning and "Zeitgeist": The Skyscraper City in the 1920s". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 45 (1): 47–59. doi:10.2307/990128. JSTOR 990128.
  14. "Salvaging landmark buildings near ground zero". Weekend Edition Sunday. March 10, 2002. National Public Radio (NPR). Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
  15. "Banking World Engaged in Struggle for Control". Brooklyn Standard Union. May 3, 1928. p. 13. Retrieved June 2, 2020 – via newspapers.com .
  16. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2001, p. 3.
  17. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2001, p. 7.
  18. Plitt, Amy (March 21, 2019). "Art Deco landmark One Wall Street prepares for its condo transformation". Curbed NY. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  19. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2001, p. 5.
  20. Lopate, Phillip (April 21, 1991). "Architecture View; The Man Behind Manhattan's Deco Mountains". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
  21. Robinson, Cervin (1975). Skyscraper style : art deco, New York. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-19-502112-7. OCLC 1266717.
  22. "Shipment of Stone For 1 Wall Street Is Four Miles Long: Largest Consignment of Building Stone to Enter City, Say Railroad Men". New York Herald-Tribune. February 16, 1930. p. E2. Retrieved June 4, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  23. Walker 1930, p. 694 (PDF p. 72).
  24. Walker 1930, p. 695 (PDF p. 73).
  25. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2001, pp. 6–7.
  26. Landmarks Preservation Commission 2001, p. 8.
  27. "Irving Trust Building Exterior Completed". Brooklyn Citizen. August 17, 1930. p. 8. Retrieved June 2, 2020 – via newspapers.com .
  28. "Double-Headers". Democrat and Chronicle. February 9, 1930. p. 34. Retrieved June 2, 2020 – via newspapers.com .
  29. Gray, Christopher (August 1, 1999). "Streetscapes /1 Wall Street; A Bank's Art Deco Signature". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
  30. Hughes, C. J. (July 20, 2018). "One Wall Street Becomes Condos". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  31. "Irving Trust Co. Building Unique: Structure Houses One of Largest Vaults in the World--Beauty Keynote". Wall Street Journal. March 25, 1931. p. 9. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved June 4, 2020 – via ProQuest.
  32. "Irving Trust's 50-Story Building Ready Soon; To Be Headquarters". Brooklyn Times-Union. December 20, 1930. p. 8. Retrieved June 2, 2020 – via newspapers.com .
  33. Solomont, E.B. (September 8, 2017). "Revealed: Inside Macklowe's 1 Wall Street". The Real Deal. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  34. Pembrey, Daniel (May 20, 2019). "Behind the Painstaking Restoration of a Hidden Art Deco Gem on Wall Street". Architectural Digest. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  35. Dunlap, David W. (March 11, 2001). "Postings: The 70-Year-Old, 50-Story 1 Wall Street Is Declared a Landmark; A Quiet Art Deco Masterpiece". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
  36. "200 In Armed Guard Move Bank Billions; Lower Broadway Like Arsenal as Irving Trust Cargo Goes to New Building". The New York Times. March 23, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  37. "Irving Trust Co. Vault 2d Largest". Brooklyn Standard Union. February 4, 1929. p. 2. Retrieved June 2, 2020 – via newspapers.com .
  38. Charles, F.I. (June 1931). "How Planning Built a Home for Irving Trust". System. 59: 456–457.
  39. "Gigantic Vault In Wall Street To Defy Thieves: Irving Trust Company Building Will Have Compartment Below Water Level Doors 30 Inches Thick Built to Withstand Siege as Well as Safe Cracksmen". New York Herald-Tribune. February 3, 1929. p. A12. Retrieved June 4, 2020 – via ProQuest.
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Sources
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