1968 in comics

Notable events of 1968 in comics. See also List of years in comics. See also: 1968 in comics, 1969 in comics, 1960s in comics and the list of years in comics

Publications and events

Year overall

• With Kinney National Company's acquisition of Warner Bros., DC Comics becomes part of what eventually will be known as Warner Communications.
• DC Comics art director (and soon-to-be editorial director) Carmine Infantino is given the mandate to revitalize DC in the wake of rival Marvel Comics' pop-culture success. Eased out are long-time DC artists Wayne Boring, Jim Mooney, George Klein, and George Papp; and writers Otto Binder, Edmond Hamilton, and Superman co-creator Jerry Siegel. In exchange, Infantino hires new talent and promotes artists like Joe Orlando, Joe Kubert, and Mike Sekowsky to editorial positions. Orlando is put in charge of DC's horror and suspense titles.
• The final episode of Peter O'Donnell and Alfred Sindall's Tug Transom ends in 1968.
• Tom Wilson's Ziggy makes its debut.
• Benito Jacovitti's Zorry Kid makes its debut.
• Brumsic Brandon Jr.'s Luther makes its debut.[1]
• Marcel Gotlib's Rubrique-à-Brac makes its debut.[2]
• The first issue of Lance Spearman is published.
• Robert Maynar Hutchins and John Hubley's Zuckerkandl! is first published.
• The final episode of William St. John Glenn's Ballyscunnion is published.[3]

January

• Superman's Girl Friend, Lois Lane #80, The character's fashions were updated to a then-more contemporary look[4]

February

• February 10: The British comics magazines Fantastic and Terrific merge into Smash!.
• Tales of the Unexpected, with issue #105, changes its name to The Unexpected (February /March issue) (DC Comics)
• Zap Comix #1 by R. Crumb: published by Charles Plymell and Don Donahue/Apex Novelties; begins the underground comix movement.[5] In the first issue Crumb's iconic Keep on Truckin' makes its debut.

March

• March 11: The first episode of Mort Walker's Boner's Ark is published. It will run until 2000.[6]
• March 21: In Quino's Mafalda her brother Guille is born.[7]
• Showcase #73, Writer-artist Steve Ditko arrives at DC and creates the Creeper with scripter Don Segall[8]
• Max Bunker and Magnus' Maxmagnus makes its debut.
• In Diabolik, chi sei? (Diabolik, who are you?), by the Giussani sisters, the origins of the super-criminal are revealed.

April

• April 14: John Miles starts publishing his comic strip Perkins, which will run until 1980.[9]
• April 16: Dupa's Cubitus makes his debut.
• The Miracle Machine introduced in Adventure Comics #367 (April )
• Tales of Suspense, with issue #100, changes its name to Captain America. (Marvel Comics)
• Tales to Astonish, with issue #102, changes its name to The Incredible Hulk. (Marvel Comics)
• Dick Giordano hired as an editor at DC Comics (from Charlton Comics); Giordano brings with him some of the creators he had nurtured at Charlton,[10] including writer Dennis O'Neil.
• The Italian serie Milord (script by Max Bunker, pencils by Paolo Piffarerio), makes its debut. Set in the Edwardian London, it has a gentleman thief as protagonist and last just seven months.

May

• Gilbert Shelton's Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers makes its debut in the underground newspaper Rag.[11]
• The storyline Mordru the Merciless, by Jim Shooter, Curt Swan, and Jack Abel, begins in Adventure Comics #369 (concluding next issue). (DC Comics)
• House of Mystery, with issue #174 (May/June cover date), returns to its overt horror comics roots. New editor Joe Orlando challenges the Comics Code Authority with a reprint issue of old horror/suspense stories.
• World's Finest Comics #175, "The Superman-Batman Revenge Squads" marks Neal Adams's first work on a Batman story.[12]
• The first run of Strange Tales ends. It will be revived in September 1973.

June

• June 18: The last issue of Byron Aptosoglou's Mikrós Íros (The Little Hero) is published. [13]
• Wally Wood's Sally Forth makes her debut in Military News.[14]
• Strange Tales, with issue #169, changes its name to Doctor Strange. (Marvel Comics).
• Steve Ditko and Steve Skeates' Hawk and Dove make their debut.[15]
• The American comics magazine Four Color is terminated.

July

• July 31: Franklin makes his debut in Peanuts.
• Spain Rodriguez's Trashman makes its debut.
• Canadian comics store owner George Henderson of Memory Lane in Toronto organizes the first Canadian comic book convention the Triple Fan Fair, which also celebrates science fiction and classic cinema.[16]

Summer

• In the summer the first issue of the influential underground comix magazine Bijou Funnies is published, which marks the debut of Jay Lynch's Nard 'n' Pat [17] and Skip Williamson's Snappy Sammy Smoot.[18]

August

• August 29: Raoul Cauvin and Louis Salvérius's comic strip Les Tuniques Bleues makes its debut in Spirou.[19]
• The Legion Academy introduced in Adventure Comics #371 (August )
• Robert Crumb's Angelfood McSpade and S. Clay Wilson's The Checkered Demon [20] makes their debut in Zap Comix #2.
• Debut of Dave Wood and Jack Sparling's The Mad Mod Witch in The Unexpected.
• Joe Orlando, Carmine Infantino, Sheldon Mayer and Sergio Aragonés's Bat Lash makes its debut.

Fall

• Gary Arlington's San Francisco Comic Book Company debuts as a retailer and a publisher, putting out Rory Hayes' Bogeyman Comics #1

September

• September 7: The final issue of the British comics magazine Pow! is published and merges with Smash!.
• September 9: Bunny Hoest [21] and John Reiner's The Lockhorns [22] makes its debut.
• September 30: B.D. makes his debut in Garry Trudeau's Bull Tales and later become part of Doonesbury.
• Doom Patrol, with issue #121 (September /October cover date) suspends publication. (DC Comics)

October

• October 6: The final episode of Boots and Her Buddies is published.[23]
• October 11: The Dutch comics appreciation society Het Stripschap is founded.[24]
• Blackhawk (1944 series), with issue #243 (Oct./Nov. cover date) suspends publication. (DC Comics). The series is put on hiatus until 1976.[25]
• Captain Action #1: 17-year-old Jim Shooter writes the first issue of DC's first toy tie-in.[26]
• Wonder Woman #178: Dennis O'Neil and Mike Sekowsky become the new creative team on the title.[27]
• Mysterious Suspense #1 by Charlton Comics presents the first appearance of Steve Ditko's The Question in his own title.

November

• November 8: In Amsterdam the oldest comics store in Europe, Lambiek, is opened by Kees Kousemaker.[28]
• November 12: Peter van Straaten's Vader & Zoon makes its debut and will run until 1987.[29]
• November 23: Bonvi's Sturmtruppen makes its debut.[30]
• Blue Beetle: the third run of this series is cancelled. The series will not be revived until June 1986.
• Brother Power the Geek, with issue #2, cancelled by DC.
• Marvel's Space-Born Superhero: Captain Marvel, with issue #7, changes its title to Captain Marvel. (Marvel Comics)
• Summer Love, with issue #48, cancelled by Charlton.

December

• December 6: The Spanish comics magazine En Patufet, which was disestablished 30 years ago, is revived and will run until 29 June 1973.
• December 18: Andries Brandt's Horre, Harm en Hella makes its debut. It will run until 11 March 1971.[31]
• With issue #9, Captain Savage and His Leatherneck Raiders is retitled Captain Savage and His Battlefield Raiders.
• In the story Tycoonraker! or From Zantaf with Lumps!, by Luciano Bottaro and Carlo Chendi, Dr. Zantaf makes his debut.

Deaths

January

• January 1: Käthe Olshausen-Schönberger, Austrian illustrator and comics artist (Aus Thier und Menschenleben), dies at age 86.[32]
• January 16: Vladmir Delac, Yugoslavian comics artist and animator (Svemirko, Viki and Niki, Marina, Tramvajko), dies at age 60 from cancer.[33]
• January 22: Chaval, French cartoonist, commits suicide at age 52, after his wife's death.[34]
• Specific date unknown: Steve Muffati, American animator and comics artist (Harvey Comics), dies at age 57.[35]

February

• February 22: Peter Arno, American cartoonist (The New Yorker), passes away at age 64 from emphysema.[36]

March

• March 4: Rocke Mastroserio, Italian-American comics artist (Charlton Comics, co-creator of Mercury Man), dies at age 40 of a heart attack.[37][38]
• March 12: Ted Osborne, American comics writer (Disney comics), dies at age 68.[39] (or age 67)[40]

April

• April 20: Rudolph Dirks, German-American comics artist (The Katzenjammer Kids, The Captain and the Kids), dies at age 91.[41]
• April 22: Jan Waterschoot, Belgian comics artist (Johnny de Weesjongen), dies at age 85.[42]

May

• May 9: Harold Gray, American comics artist (Little Orphan Annie), passes away at age 74.[43]

June

• June 7: Arie Emens, Dutch illustrator and comics artist (Betje Kuis), dies at age 72.[44]

July

• July 16: Enver Bongrani, Italian comics artist (Zeffirino), dies at age 54.[45]

August

• August 3: Neil O'Keeffe, American comics artist and illustrator (Dick's Adventures in Dreamland, continued Inspector Wade), dies at age 77.[46]
• August 17: Bruno Paul, German comics illustrator, architect and comics artist, dies at age 94.[47]

September

• September 1: Gus Bofa, French comics artist and illustrator (Chez Les Toubibs), passes away at age 85.[48]
• September 30: Alexander Bojinov, Bulgarian comics artist (Bulgaran, Azbuka za Malkite), dies at age 90.[49]

October

• October 1: Quin Hall, American comics artist (The Dolittles, Peter Plink), dies at age 84.[50]
• October 18: Mary A. Hays, American comics artist (Kate and Karl, the Cranford Kids), dies at age 70.[51]

November

• November 3: Étienne Le Rallic, aka Smile or Levesque, French illustrator and comics artist (various one-shot realistic comics), dies at age 78.[52]
• November 15: Bob Grant, American comics artist (Disney comics), dies at age 62.[53]
• November 29: Mo Leff, American comics artist (continued Joe Jinks as Curly Kayoe), dies at age 56.[54]

December

• December 13: Ken Hultgren, American animator and comics artist (Disney comics, Hanna-Barbera comics), dies from a heart attack at age 63.[55]
• December 30: Bill Tytla, Ukrainian-American animator (Disney Studios, Terrytoons, Famous Studios), passes away at age 64.

Specific date unknown

• Edgar Henry Banger, aka, Harry Banger, British comics artist (Koko the Pup, Chubb and Tubb, Skit the Kat, Stoogie, Dilly Duckling, Boney Prince Charlie, Dudley Dudd the Dud Detective, Coal Black Jones), passes away at age 71.[56]
• Don Flowers, American comics artist (Glamor Girls), dies at age 59 or 60.[57]
• Bernard Jeanson, French comics artist (Toto Bulldozer) commits suicide at age 33 or 34.[58]
• Frank Thomas, American comics artist (Dinky Doyle, All-American Football, Going West, Hossface Hank, continued Ferd'nand), dies at age 53 or 54.[59]

Conventions

• June 15–16: Detroit Triple Fan Fair (Fort Pick Shelby Hotel, Detroit, Michigan)[60] — Guest of Honor Harlan Ellison; c. 175 attendees[61]
• June 21–23:[37] Southwesterncon (Hotel Southland, Dallas, Texas) — 160 attendees; produced by Larry Herndon & Tom Reamy; official guests include Fritz Leiber,[62] Harold LeDoux (Guest of Honor), and H. H. Hollis
• June 28–30: Gateway Con 2 (St. Louis, Missouri) — produced by Bob Schoenfeld;[63] guest of honor Roy Thomas[64]
• June 29–30: Toronto Triple Fan Fair (594 Markam Street, Toronto, ON, Canada) — also known as "Fan Fair I;" organized and managed by George Henderson[65] (sponsored by OSFiC, Memory Lane, the Canadian Academy of Comic Book Collectors, and the Markam Village Film Club); Guests of Honor Roger Zelazny and Stan Lee; admission $1 for "passport" to all venues
• July 4–7: International Convention of Comic Book Art (Statler Hilton Hotel, New York City) — Phil Seuling hosts his first comic book convention (later to be known as the Comic Art Convention) under the aegis of SCARP (Society for Comic Art Research and Preservation, Inc.);[63] guests of honor: Stan Lee and Burne Hogarth[66]
• August 30–September 2: Comicon '68 (British Comic Art Convention) (Midland Hotel, Birmingham, England) — first annual event, organized by Phil Clarke; "member"-guests include Alan Moore, Paul Neary, Jim Baikie, Steve Moore, and Nick Landau; 70 attendees[67]

Awards

Alley Awards

Presented at the Comic Art Convention, July 1969

Comic Magazine Section

• Best Adventure Title - Fantastic Four
• Best Fantasy/SF/Supernatural Title - Doctor Strange  (Marvel Comics)
• Best Western Title - Bat Lash  (Dc Comics)
• Best War Title - Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos  (Marvel Comics)
• Best Humor Title - Not Brand Echh  (Marvel Comics)
• Best Romance Title - Millie the Model  (Marvel Comics)
• Best Reprint Title - Marvel Super-Heroes  (Marvel Comics)

Professional Work

• Best Editor - Stan Lee
• Best Writer - Stan Lee
• Best Pencil Artist - Jim Steranko
• Best Inking Artist - Joe Sinnott
• Best Cover - Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. #6, by Jim Steranko  (Marvel Comics)
• Best Full-Length Story - (tie) "Track of the Hook", by Bob Haney & Neal Adams, The Brave and the Bold #79  (DC Comics); "Origin of the Silver Surfer", by Stan Lee & John Buscema, The Silver Surfer #1  (Marvel Comics)
• Best Feature Story - "Today Earth Died", by Jim Steranko, Strange Tales #168  (Marvel Comics)
• Best Regular Short Feature - "Tales of the Inhumans", by Stan Lee & Jack Kirby, in The Mighty Thor (Marvel Comics)
• Hall of Fame - Fantastic Four, by Stan Lee & Jack Kirby; Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D., by Jim Steranko  (Marvel Comics)

Popularity Poll

• Best Adventure Hero Strip - The Amazing Spider-Man  (Marvel Comics)
• Best Adventure Group Strip - Fantastic Four  (Marvel Comics)
• Best Supporting Character - J. Jonah Jameson (The Amazing Spider-Man)  (Marvel Comics)
• Best Villain - Doctor Doom (Fantastic Four)  (Marvel Comics)
• Best New Strip - The Silver Surfer by Stan Lee & John Buscema  (Marvel Comics)
• Strip Most Needing Improvement - X-Men  (Marvel Comics)
• Strip Most Desired for Revival - Adam Strange  (DC Comics)

Newspaper Strip Section

• Best Adventure Strip - Prince Valiant, by Hal Foster
• Best Human Interest Strip - On Stage (also known as Mary Perkins, On Stage), by Leonard Starr
• Best Humor Strip - Peanuts, by Charles Schulz
• Best Humor Panel - Dennis the Menace, by Hank Ketcham
• Best Miscellaneous Strip - Feiffer, by Jules Feiffer
• Hall of Fame - Peanuts, by Charles Schulz

Fan Activity Section

• Best Limited Reproduction Fanzine - Concussion
• Best Unlimited Reproduction Fanzine - Graphic Story Magazine
• Best Fan Artist - John Fantucchio
• Best Comic Strip Writer - Larry Herndon
• Best Fan Project - The Alley Awards

First issues by title

Charlton Comics

Ghost Manor

Release: July. Editor: Sal Gentile.

DC Comics

Bat Lash

Release: October /November Writers: Sergio Aragonés and Dennis O'Neil. Artist: Nick Cardy.

Beware the Creeper

Release: May/June. Writers: Steve Ditko and Dennis O'Neil. Artist: Steve Ditko.

Brother Power the Geek

Release: September /October Writer: Joe Simon. Artist: Al Bare.

DC Special

Release: October /December Editor: Julius Schwartz.

Secret Six

Release: April /May. Writer: E. Nelson Bridwell. Artist: Frank Springer.[68]

Marvel Comics

Marvel's Space-Born Superhero: Captain Marvel

Release: May. Writer: Roy Thomas. Artists: Gene Colan and Vince Colletta.

Iron Man

Release: May. Writer: Archie Goodwin. Artists: Gene Colan and Johnny Craig.

Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D.

Release: June. Writer/Artist: Jim Steranko.

Prince Namor, the Sub-Mariner

Release: May. Writer: Roy Thomas. Artists: John Buscema and Frank Giacoia.

Silver Surfer

Release: August. Writer: Stan Lee. Artists: John Buscema and Joe Sinnott.

Independent titles

Bijou Funnies

Release: Summer by Bijou Publishing Empire. Editor: Jay Lynch.

Feds 'N' Heads

Release: Spring by Gilbert Shelton (self-published). Writer/Artist: Gilbert Shelton.

Walt Disney Comics Digest

Release: June by Gold Key Comics. Editor: Del Connell.

Zap Comix

Release: February by Apex Novelties. Writer/Artist: R. Crumb.

Japan

Big Comic

Release February by Shogakukan

Shōjo Comic

Release by Shogakukan

Weekly Shōnen Jump

Release July by Shueisha

Initial appearance by character name

DC Comics

• Sam Simeon, in Showcase #77 (September)
• Angel O'Day, in Showcase #77 (September)
• Anthro, in Showcase #74 (May)
• Bat Lash, in Showcase #76 (August)
• Brother Power the Geek, in Brother Power the Geek #1 (October)
• Cain, in House of Mystery #175 (July)
• Chemical King, in Adventure Comics #371 (August)
• Copperhead, in The Brave and the Bold #78 (June)
• Creeper, in Showcase #73 (March)
• Doctor Cyber, in Wonder Woman #179 (November)
• Dolphin, in Showcase #79 (December)
• Jonny Double, in Showcase #78 (November)
• Guy Gardner, in Green Lantern #59 (March)
• Hank Hall, in Showcase #75 (June)
• Don Hall, in Showcase #75 (June)
• I Ching, in Wonder Woman #179 (November)
• Crimson Dawn, in Secret Six #01 (May)
• King Savage, in Secret Six #01 (May)
• Lili de Neuve, in Secret Six #01 (May)
• Mike Tempest, in Secret Six #01 (May)
• Jonny Double, in Showcase #78 (November)
• League of Assassins, in Strange Adventures #215 (November)
• Legion of Super-Villains, in Adventure Comics #372 (September)
• Leland McCauley, in Adventure Comics #374 (November)
• Mordru, in Adventure Comics #369 (June)
• Red Star, in Teen Titans #18 (December)
• Red Tornado, in Justice League of America #64 (August)
• Scavenger, in Aquaman #37 (January)
• Sensei, in Strange Adventures #215 (November)
• Shadow Lass, in Adventure Comics #365 (February)
• Tim Trench, in Wonder Woman #179 (November–December)
• Tornado Twins, in Adventure Comics #373 (October)
• Wanderers, in Adventure Comics #375 (December )
• General Zahl, in Doom Patrol vol. 1, #121 (October )

Marvel Comics

• Annihilus, in Fantastic Four Annual #6 (November )
• Aragorn, in The Avengers #48 (January )
• Badoon, in Silver Surfer vol. 1, #2 (October )
• Blacklash, in Tales of Suspense #97 (January )
• Centurius, in Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. #2 (July)
• Carol Danvers, in Marvel Super-Heroes #13 (March )
• Death-Stalker, in Daredevil vol. 1, #39 (April )
• Doctor Faustus, in Captain America #107 (November )
• Lemuel Dorcas, in Sub-Mariner #5 (September )
• Falcona, in The Incredible Hulk Annual #1 (October )
• Whitney Frost, in Tales of Suspense #98 (February )
• Gortokians, in X-Men #41 (February )
• Grim Reaper, in The Avengers #52 (May)
• Jester (Jonathan Powers), in Daredevil vol. 1, #42 (July)
• Leonus, in The Incredible Hulk Annual #1 (October )
• Mangog, in Thor #154 (July)
• Mephisto, in Silver Surfer #3 (December )
• Mesmero, in X-Men #49 (March )
• Missing Link, in The Incredible Hulk #105 (July)
• Franklin Richards, in Fantastic Four Annual #6 (November )
• Randy Robertson, in The Amazing Spider-Man #67 (December )
• Satannish, in Doctor Strange #174 (November )
• Shalla-Bal, in Silver Surfer #1 (August )
• George Stacy, in The Amazing Spider-Man #56 (January )
• Stallior, in The Incredible Hulk Annual #1 (Oct.)
• Tiger Shark, in Prince Namor, the Sub-Mariner #5 (September )
• Typhon, in The Avengers #49 (February )
• Ultron, in The Avengers #54 (July)
• Vision, in The Avengers #57 (October )
• Wrecker, in The Mighty Thor #148 (January )

Independent titles

• B. D. (Doonesbury), in "Bull Tales" (Yale Daily News, September 30)
• The Checkered Demon, in Zap Comix #2 (Apex Novelties, August)
• The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers, in Feds 'n' Heads (Gilbert Shelton; self-published)
• Franklin, in Peanuts (July 31)
• Marcie, in Peanuts (June 18)
• Maxmagnus, in Eureka
• Trashman, in the East Village Other (July)
• Snappy Sammy Smoot in Bijou Funnies #1 (Bijou Publishing Empire, Summer)

References

1. "Brumsic Brandon Jr". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
2. "Marcel Gotlib". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
3. https://www.lambiek.https%5B%5D://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/glenn_bill.htmnet/artists/g/glenn_bill.htm
4. McAvennie, Michael (2010). "1960s". In Dolan, Hannah (ed.). DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. Dorling Kindersley. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. She started trading in her generic blouse-and-pencil skirt combinations for a "mod" wardrobe filled with printed dresses, go-go boots, mini-skirts, and hot pants.
5. "Zap Comix #1 1st Printing at Comixjoint.com". comixjoint.com. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
6. "Mort Walker". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
7. "Quino". lambiek.net. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
8. McAvennie "1960s" in Dolan, p. 129 "Writer/artist Steve Ditko and co-scripter Don Segall gave [character Jack Ryder] more than the last laugh as the garishly garbed Creeper, one of DC's quirkiest protagonists."
9. "John Miles". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
10. Contributors: Dick Giordano," The New Teen Titans Archives, Volume 1 (DC Comics, 1999).
11. "Gilbert Shelton". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
12. McAvennie "1960s" in Dolan, p. 129.
13. "Byron Aptosoglou". lambiek.net. Retrieved Jul 31, 2020.
14. "Wallace Wood". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
15. "Steve Ditko". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
16. https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/canadas-first-comic-book-store
17. "Jay Lynch". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
18. "Skip Williamson". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
19. "Louis Salvérius". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
20. "S. Clay Wilson". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
21. "Bill Hoest". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
22. "John Reiner". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
23. "Les Carroll". lambiek.net. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
24. https://www.stripschap.nl/pages/het-stripschap/het-stripschap.php
25. "Will Eisner". lambiek.net. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
26. Levitz, Paul (2010). 75 Years of DC Comics The Art of Modern Mythmaking. Taschen America. p. 420. ISBN 978-3-8365-1981-6. Captain Action was DC's first toy tie-in title...Editor Mort Weisinger...brought in his young firebrand Jim Shooter to craft an identity and back story for the character.
27. McAvennie "1960s" in Dolan, p. 131 "Carmine Infantino wanted to rejuvenate what had been perceived as a tired Wonder Woman, so he assigned writer Denny O'Neil and artist Mike Sekowsky to convert the Amazon Princess into a secret agent. Wonder Woman was made over into an Emma Peel type and what followed was arguably the most controversial period in the hero's history."
28. "Kees Kousemaker". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
29. "Peter van Straaten". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
30. "Bonvi". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
31. "Andries Brandt". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
32. "Käthe Olshausen-Schönberger". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
33. "Vladimir Delač". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
34. "Chaval". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
35. "Steve Muffatti". lambiek.net. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
36. "Peter Arno". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
37. Thompson, Maggie. "Rocco Mastroserio Dead," Newfangles #8 (Mar. 1968).
38. "Rocco Mastroserio". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
39. Social Security Death Index for Ted Osborne.
40. California death index, for Theodore H. Osborne.
41. "Rudolph Dirks". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
42. "Jan Waterschoot". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
43. "Harold Gray". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
44. "Arie Emens". lambiek.net. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
45. "Enver Bongrani". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
46. "Neil O'Keeffe". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
47. "Bruno Paul". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
48. "Gus Bofa". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
49. "Aleksandar Bojinov". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
50. "Quin Hall". lambiek.net. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
51. "Mary A. Hays". lambiek.net. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
52. "Étienne Le Rallic". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
53. "Bob Grant". lambiek.net. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
54. "Mo Leff". lambiek.net. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
55. "Ken Hultgren". lambiek.net. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
56. "Edgar Henry Banger". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
57. "Don Flowers". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
58. "Bernard Jeanson". lambiek.net. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
59. "Frank Thomas". lambiek.net. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
60. Thompson, Maggie. Newfangles #8 (Mar. 1968).
61. DeVore, Howard. "DTTF Con Report," Science Fiction Times (August 1968).
62. Schelly, Bill. Founders of Comic Fandom: Profiles of 90 Publishers, Dealers, Collectors, Writers, Artists and Other Luminaries of the 1950s And 1960s (McFarland, 2010), pp. 60–61.
63. Thompson, Maggie. Newfangles #6 (Jan. 1968).
64. Thompson, Maggie. Newfangles #9 (Apr. 1968).
65. Harris, Peter. "There's a Hertz-Avis War in the World of Comics," Toronto Star (June 28, 1968).
66. Schelly, Bill. Founders of Comic Fandom: Profiles of 90 Publishers, Dealers, Collectors, Writers, Artists and Other Luminaries of the 1950s and 1960s (McFarland, 2010), p. 107.
67. Skinn, Dez. "Early days of UK comics conventions and marts," Archived 2012-02-01 at the Wayback Machine DezSkinn.com. Accessed Mar. 3, 2013.
68. McAvennie "1960s" in Dolan, p. 130: "Writer E. Nelson Bridwell and artist Frank Springer brought together six individuals who all possessed special skills and dark secrets, and were all being blackmailed into the service of the faceless Mockingbird."