1946 Italian institutional referendum

An institutional referendum (Italian: referendum istituzionale, or referendum sulla forma istituzionale dello Stato)[1][2][3] was held in Italy on 2 June 1946,[4] a key event of Italian contemporary history.

1946 Italian institutional referendum
Republic or Monarchy?
Location	Italy
Date	2 June 1946
Results Votes % Republic 12,717,923 54.26% Monarchy 10,719,284 45.74% Valid votes 23,437,207 93.99% Invalid or blank votes 1,498,136 6.01% Total votes 24,935,343 100.00% Registered voters/turnout 28,005,449 89.04%
Results by province   Republic     Monarchy

Until 1946, Italy had been a kingdom ruled by the House of Savoy, kings of Italy since the Risorgimento and previously rulers of Savoy. However, Benito Mussolini imposed fascism after the 28 October 1922 March on Rome, eventually engaging Italy in World War II alongside Nazi Germany. The popular referendum resulted in voters favouring the replacement of the monarchy with a republic. Monarchists had suspicions of fraud, but were never able to prove it. A constituent assembly was elected at the same time.[4]

Background

The Italian referendum was intended only to determine whether the head of state should come from a family dynasty or be elected by popular vote. Democracy was not a new concept in Italian politics. The Kingdom of Piedmont had become a constitutional monarchy with the liberalizing reforms of King Charles Albert's famous Albertine Statute in 1848. Suffrage, initially limited to select citizens, was gradually expanded; in 1911, the government of Giovanni Giolitti introduced universal suffrage for male citizens. In this period, the provisions of the Statute were often not observed, however. Instead, the elected Chamber and the Head of Government took major roles. At the beginning of the 20th century, many observers thought that, by comparison to other countries, Italy was developing in the direction of a modern democracy. Essential issues that needed to be resolved included the relationship of the Kingdom with the Roman Catholic Church.

King Victor Emanuel III in his uniform as Marshal of Italy, 1936

A crisis arose in Italian society as a result of the First World War, social inequalities, and the consequent tension between Marxist and other left-wing parties on one side and conservative liberals on the other. This crisis led to the advent of fascism, which destroyed freedoms and civil rights and established a dictatorship, breaking the continuity of the still fragile new parliamentary tradition. The support of the ruling class and especially the monarchy was crucial for the seizure of power by Benito Mussolini. After Mussolini's March on Rome, King Victor Emmanuel III refused to sign a decree to declare a state of siege and instead asked Mussolini to form a new government. The King's decision was within his powers under the Italian constitution, but contrary to the parliamentary practices of the Italian liberal state, as the Fascist Party had only a small minority of the parliamentary deputies.

After the invasion of Italy by Allied forces in 1943, Mussolini's Grand Fascist Council, with the co-operation of the King, overthrew Mussolini and established a new government headed by Marshal Pietro Badoglio. However, Germany, worried by the new government's intention to negotiate a separate peace with the Allies, invaded and occupied Northern Italy. In the Gran Sasso raid, or Operation Oak, German paratroopers rescued Mussolini from the hilltop hotel in which he had been imprisoned by the new government. Under pressure from Hitler, Mussolini then established a puppet state, the Italian Social Republic to administer the German-occupied territory, leading to Italy being split in two, each with its own government. In the north, Mussolini declared that the monarchy had been overthrown and began to establish a new republican state, with himself as Duce, but for practical purposes under the control of Karl Wolff and Rudolf Rahn. The Italian Social Republic had its seat of government in the town of Salò, so is commonly known as the Republic of Salo.

Southern Italy, meanwhile, remained nominally under the control of the new legitimist government of Badoglio, continuing to operate as the Kingdom of Italy. Rome descended into chaos, as fighting erupted between Mussolini loyalists and supporters of the new government, as well as leftist opponents of fascism who emerged from hiding. The King and the Badoglio government left Rome to seek the protection of the Allied forces that occupied the South. With half of the Italian peninsula occupied by the Germans and the rest by the Allies, a return to civil rights was suspended due to the complete disorder in the country. The pre-Fascist-era parties had been formally disbanded, and so far as they still existed their activity was clandestine and limited, with no form of contact with most of the population. Consequently, the future relationships between these parties, and the balance of power, was left to be decided at a later, quieter time. However, some political forces organized the Italian Resistance, which enjoyed strong popular support. However, without an election, which could not be held because of the chaotic situation, it was impossible to determine how many people the Resistance represented. Almost all of the Resistance was anti-monarchist; nevertheless, a temporary alliance between them and the Badoglio government was created by the decision of Joseph Stalin and Palmiro Togliatti, secretary of the Italian Communist Party, to postpone the problem of the state organisation and focus all efforts on the fight against Hitler's puppet state in the North.

At the end of the war, Italy was a severely damaged country, with innumerable victims, a destroyed economy, and a desperate general condition. The defeat left the country deprived of the Empire it had fought for in the past two decades and also occupied by foreign soldiers. For some years after 1945, internal, politically motivated fighting continued.

The emergence of political forces to replace fascism could not occur until the internal conflict ended and elections could be held. After fighting had died down, a few months were needed before attention could be given to institutional matters. The first important question regarded the royal family, blamed by many for the fascist regime, the war, and the defeat.

Republican traditions in Italy traditionally hark back to the Roman Republic and the Medieval Communes, in which a wide spectrum of people took part in the business of government, but remained largely theoretical, as in the conclusion of Machiavelli's Il Principe. The struggle for a Republican Italy independent of foreign powers had been started by Giuseppe Mazzini in the 19th century. The movement Giustizia e Libertà, which continued the traditional Mazzinian ideology, was the second important force during the resistance. It posed the question of the form of the state as a fundamental precondition to developing any further agreements with the other parties. Giustizia e Libertà joined the Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale (National Liberation Committee, CLN). The various competing political factions agreed that a popular referendum would be held to determine the future choice of Head of State.

Abdication

King Umberto II

As the Allies advanced through the peninsula, it became apparent that Victor Emmanuel III was too compromised by his earlier support of Mussolini to have any further role. Accordingly, in April 1944, he turned over most of his powers to Crown Prince Umberto. When Rome was recaptured on 4 June, Victor Emmanuel relinquished his remaining powers to Umberto and named him Lieutenant General of the Realm, making him the de facto regent.

However, Victor Emmanuel retained the title of king until his abdication in May 1946. Umberto then formally ascended the throne as Umberto II. It has been said that the abdication had been imposed by opponents, but the royal house, too, had an interest in the manoeuvre. It was convenient for the House of Savoy, in fact, to have a popular king "on stage" at that crucial moment. Umberto was more acceptable to the Italian people: he and his wife Maria José were young, elegant and cultivated, and presented a stark contrast to the old, rough Victor Emmanuel who was unknown for any particular activity, apart from his collection of coins (114,000 items). Umberto was relatively well received by the people from the moment of his crowning, even if his wife (a foreigner) was kept at some distance. He was commonly called Il Re di Maggio (the King of May), with reference to his brief rule of forty days.

Referendum

A decree by Crown Prince Umberto, issued in his capacity as Lieutenant General of the Realm (decreto legge luogotenenziale 25 giugno 1944, n. 151) during Ivanoe Bonomi’s time in office as Prime Minister, prescribed that a Constitutional Assembly would be organized after the war to draft a constitution and to choose an institutional form for the state.

The institutional debate was accelerated in the spring of 1946.

• On 1 March, the government of Alcide De Gasperi gave its approval for the definitive scope of the referendum to be Republic versus Monarchy.
• On 12 March, the government called together the electors to meet on 2 June, for the referendum and the election of the Constituent Assembly.
• On 18 March, the King issued the decrees together with a letter in which he anticipated his intention of abdicating in favour of his son Umberto II (who was named lieutenant general); the date for abdication being the anniversary of the Allied forces’ entry into Rome.
• On 25 April, at the congress of Democrazia Cristiana, Attilio Piccioni revealed that, after an internal investigation, the opinion of the members of the party was 60% in favour of the republic, 17% in favour of the monarchy, and 23% undecided.
• On 9 May, Victor Emanuele III abdicated, left Italy from Naples by ship, after a long meeting with Umberto. The Crown Prince then ascended the throne as Umberto II.
• On 10 May, early in the morning, Umberto II made his first public announcement as king. That afternoon, the government censured Admiral Raffaele de Courten, who had set aside a battle cruiser for Vittorio Emanuele's exile that was supposed to be used to bring home Italian prisoners. It was also decided that the traditional institutional formula by which any decree or sentence was released in the name of "N, King of Italy, by God's grace and the nation's will", would be reduced to the simpler "N, King of Italy". Taking effect on the day Umberto became king, this act did not present a warm welcome for the new king, especially since the government had not given him advance notice of its intention. Nevertheless, the king's main powers were "frozen" until the referendum.

The political campaign for the referendum was framed by incidents, especially in northern Italy, where monarchists were attacked by both republicans and post-fascists of the Italian Social Republic. Following a second decree (decreto legge luogotenenziale 16 marzo 1946, n. 98), during the government of De Gasperi, a referendum was held on 2 June and 3 June 1946 (2 June later was named as a national holiday). The question was as simple as possible: Republic or Monarchy. South Tyrol and the areas of Trieste and Gorizia did not take part in the referendum.

Following Italian law, the results were checked by the Corte di Cassazione (the highest judicial Court at that time), as expected. A problem arose when the Court, itself divided between monarchists and republicans, provisionally declared a republican victory on 10 June, but postponing the final result to 18 June. To avoid huge dangers of political riots due to the Court's delay, the government itself declared a republic and appointed De Gasperi as the provisional Head of State on 13 June. The legality of this action (according to the law in force at the time) is debated, as the Corte di Cassazione already declared a republican victory, at the same time stating that further data were to be analyzed.

Results

Ballot paper used in the referendum in German-speaking areas.

Choice	Votes	%
Republic	12,717,923	54.26
Monarchy	10,719,284	45.74
Invalid/blank votes	1,498,136	–
Total	24,935,343	100
Registered voters/turnout	28,005,449	89.08
Source: Official Gazzette

Popular vote Republic   54.26% Monarchy   45.74%

By district

Results by district showing percentage of support for the republic

The conservative, rural Mezzogiorno (southern Italy) region voted solidly for the monarchy (63.8%) while the more urbanised and industrialised Nord (northern Italy) voted equally firmly for a republic (66.2%).[5]

District		Provinces	Republic		Monarchy		Voters	Turnout
			Votes	%	Votes	%
	Aosta	Aosta	28,516	63.47	16,411	36.53	50,946	84.00
	Turin	Turin • Novara • Vercelli	803,191	59.90	537,693	40.10	1,426,036	91.12
	Cuneo	Cuneo • Alessandria • Asti	412,666	51.93	381,977	48.07	867,945	89.75
	Genoa	Genoa • Imperia • La Spezia • Savona	633,821	69.05	284,116	30.95	960,214	85.62
	Milan	Milan • Pavia	1,152,832	68.01	542,141	31.99	1,776,444	90.31
	Como	Como • Sondrio • Varese	422,557	63.59	241,924	36.41	715,755	90.98
	Brescia	Brescia • Bergamo	404,719	53.84	346,995	46.16	805,808	91.67
	Mantua	Mantua • Cremona	304,472	67.19	148,668	32.81	486,354	93.83
	Trento	Trento	192,123	85.00	33,903	15.00	238,198	91.04
	Verona	Verona • Padua • Rovigo • Vicenza	648,137	56.24	504,405	43.76	1,258,804	92.22
	Venice	Venice • Treviso	403,424	61.52	252,346	38.48	712,475	91.49
	Udine	Udine • Belluno	339,858	63.07	199,019	36.93	592,463	88.51
	Bologna	Bologna • Ferrara • Forlì • Ravenna	880,463	80.46	213,861	19.54	1,151,376	92.40
	Parma	Parma • Modena • Piacenza • Reggio Emilia	646,214	72.78	241,663	27.22	955,660	92.58
	Florence	Florence • Pistoia	487,039	71.58	193,414	28.42	723,028	92.08
	Pisa	Pisa • Livorno • Lucca • Massa-Carrara	456,005	70.12	194,299	29.88	703,016	89.99
	Siena	Siena • Arezzo • Grosseto	338,039	73.84	119,779	26.16	487,485	92.72
	Ancona	Ancona • Ascoli Piceno • Macerata • Pesaro	499,566	70.12	212,925	29.88	759,011	91.65
	Perugia	Perugia • Terni • Rieti	336,641	66.70	168,103	33.30	538,136	90.26
	Rome	Rome • Frosinone • Latina • Viterbo	711,260	48.99	740,546	51.01	1,510,656	84.07
	L'Aquila	L'Aquila • Chieti • Pescara • Teramo	286,291	46.78	325,701	53.22	648,932	87.61
	Benevento	Benevento • Campobasso	103,900	30.06	241,768	69.94	369,616	88.82
	Naples	Naples • Caserta	241,973	21.12	903,651	78.88	1,207,906	84.77
	Salerno	Salerno • Avellino	153,978	27.09	414,521	72.91	607,530	88.05
	Bari	Bari • Foggia	320,405	38.51	511,596	61.49	865,951	90.15
	Lecce	Lecce • Brindisi • Taranto	147,346	24.70	449,253	75.30	630,987	90.04
	Potenza	Potenza • Matera	108,289	40.61	158,345	59.39	286,575	88.70
	Catanzaro	Catanzaro • Cosenza • Reggio Calabria	338,959	39.72	514,344	60.28	900,635	85.56
	Catania	Catania • Enna • Messina • Ragusa • Syracuse	329,874	31.76	708,874	68.24	1,107,524	85.28
	Palermo	Palermo • Agrigento • Caltanissetta • Trapani	379,871	38.98	594,686	61.02	1,032,102	85.77
	Cagliari	Cagliari • Nuoro • Sassari	206,192	39.07	321,555	60.93	569,574	85.91
	Italy		12,718,641	54.26	10,718,502	45.74	24,946,878	89.08
Source: Ministry of the Interior

By most populated city

City		Republic		Monarchy		Voters	Turnout
		Votes	%	Votes	%
	Turin	252,001	61.41	158,138	38.59	426,563	87.44
	Milan	487,125	67.77	231,711	32.23	737,440	85.65
	Genoa	294,254	73.65	105,291	26.35	410,152	81.97
	Venice	101,084	62.27	61,245	37.73	171,836	90.49
	Bologna	137,093	67.72	65,359	32.28	209,776	90.49
	Florence	148,763	63.43	85,753	36.57	242,750	88.78
	Rome	353,715	46.17	412,439	53.83	783,865	80.80
	Naples	87,448	20.06	348,420	79.94	451,463	80.79

Aftermath

The republic was formally proclaimed on 6 June 1946, ending King Umberto II's brief 34-day reign as king. Umberto at first refused to accept what he called "the outrageous illegality" of the referendum, and took his deposition badly.[5] In his last statement as king, Umberto refused to accept the republic, saying he was the victim of a coup d'état by his ministers and the referendum had been rigged against him.[5][6] In response, Alcide De Gasperi who became acting president replied in a press statement:

"We must strive to understand the tragedy of someone who, after inheriting a military defeat and a disastrous complicity with dictatorship, tried hard in recent months to work with patience and good will towards a better future. But this final act of the thousand-year old House of Savoy must be seen as part of our national catastrophe; it is an expiation, an expiation forced upon all of us, even those who have not shared directly in the guilt of the dynasty".[5]

Some monarchists advocated using force to prevent a republic from being proclaimed, even at the risk of a civil war, but Mack Smith wrote that: "Common sense and patriotism saved Umberto from accepting such counsel".[7] Umberto rejected the advice that he should go to Naples, proclaim a rival government with the intention of starting a civil war in which the Army would presumably side with the House of Savoy under the grounds that "My house united Italy. It will not divide it".[8] The monarchy of the House of Savoy formally ended on 12 June 1946, and Umberto left the country. Prime Minister Alcide de Gasperi assumed office as Italy's interim Head of State. At about 15:00 on 13 June, Umberto left the Quirinal Palace for the last time with the servants all assembled in the courtyard to see him off; many were in tears.[8] At the Ciampino Airport in Rome, as Umberto boarded the aeroplane that was to take him to Lisbon, a Carabiniere grabbed him by the hand and shaking it in tears said "Your Majesty, we will never forget you!"[8]

See also

• 1946 Italian general election
• History of the Italian Republic

References

1. "Dipartimento per gli Affari Interni e Territoriali". elezionistorico.interno.gov.it.
2. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-03-05. Retrieved 2016-12-08.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
3. "Savoia - Nuovi Dizionari Online Simone - Dizionario Storico del Diritto Italiano ed Europeo Indice H". www.simone.it.
4. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1047 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
5. Denis Mack Smith, Italy and Its Monarchy, New Haven: Yale University Press p.340.
6. Kogan, Norman A Political History of Postwar Italy, London: Pall Mall Press, 1966 p.38
7. Denis Mack Smith, Italy and Its Monarchy, New Haven: Yale University Press p.339
8. Di Renzo, Anthony (14 May 2014). "Re di Maggio: Pasquino forgives King Umberto II". L'Italo-Americano. Retrieved 2019-02-01.

External links

• Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 134, 20 june 1946