1943 in science

The year 1943 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

List of years in science (table)
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Biology

• July 21 – Living specimens of Metasequoia glyptostroboides, the Dawn Redwood, previously known only as a Mesozoic fossil, are located in China.[1]
• The University of Oxford acquires the nearby Wytham Woods which become an important centre for research into ecology in England.

Computer science

• March–December – Construction of British prototype Mark I Colossus computer, the world's first totally electronic programmable computing device, at the Post Office Research Station, Dollis Hill, to assist in cryptanalysis at Bletchley Park.[2]
• May 17 – The United States Army contracts with the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School to develop the ENIAC.

Earth sciences

• February 20 – The cinder cone volcano Parícutin begins to appear in Mexico, giving volcanologists an unusual opportunity to observe its complete life cycle.[3][4][5]

Nuclear physics

• January 1 – Project Y, the Manhattan Project's secret laboratory at Los Alamos, New Mexico, for development and production of the first atomic bombs under the direction of J. Robert Oppenheimer, begins operations.

Pharmacology

• March 23 – The drugs Vicodin and Lortab are made in Germany.
• October 19 – The antibiotic streptomycin (the first antibiotic remedy for tuberculosis) is first isolated by Albert Schatz in the laboratory of Selman Abraham Waksman at Rutgers University in the United States.[6]
• December – Winston Churchill's recurring bacterial pneumonia is successfully treated with the sulphapyridine M&B 693, a first-generation sulphonamide antibiotic.[7]

Psychology

• Abraham Maslow proposes the Hierarchy of Needs theory of psychology in his paper "A Theory of Human Motivation".

Physiology and medicine

• Leo Kanner of the Johns Hopkins Hospital first publicly adopts the term autism in its modern sense in English in referring to early infantile autism.[8]
• Warren S. McCulloch and Walter Pitts publish "A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity" in Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, considered seminal in neural network theory.[9]
• Dr. Willem J. Kolff builds the first dialysis machine, in the occupied Netherlands.[10]
• New Zealand-born British anaesthetist Robert Macintosh introduces his new curved laryngoscope blade for tracheal intubation.[11][12]

Technology

• March 5 – The Gloster Meteor, the first operational military jet aircraft for the Allies of World War II, has its first test flight, in England.
• May 16–17 – Operation Chastise: British Royal Air Force attacks German dams using 'bouncing bombs' designed by Barnes Wallis.[13]
• Lyle Goodhue and William Sullivan patent the refillable aerosol spray in the United States, for use with mosquito-repellant.[14]
• Krueger flaps for aircraft wings are invented by Werner Krüger and evaluated in the wind tunnels in Göttingen.

Awards

• Nobel Prizes
  • Physics – Otto Stern
  • Chemistry – George de Hevesy
  • Medicine – Carl Peter Henrik Dam, Edward Adelbert Doisy

Births

• January 14 – Ralph Steinman (died 2011), Canadian-born winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2011).
• April 26 – Christiane Floyd, Austrian-born computer scientist.
• May 9 – Colin Pillinger (died 2014), English astrophysicist.
• May 14 – Richard Peto, English epidemiologist.
• June 6 – Richard Smalley (died 2005), American winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1996) for the discovery of a new form of carbon, buckminsterfullerene.
• June 22 – J. Michael Kosterlitz, Scottish-born condensed matter physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (2016).
• June 23 – Vint Cerf, American Internet pioneer.
• July 11 – Hilary Kahn (died 2007), South African-born English computer scientist.
• August 29 – Arthur B. McDonald, Canadian astrophysicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics (2015).
• September 20 – Richard McGehee, American mathematician working on celestial mechanics.
• December 7 – Nick Katz, American mathematician.
• Steen Willadsen, Danish-born embryologist.

Deaths

• January 5 – George Washington Carver (born c.1864), African American agricultural botanist.
• January 7 – Nikola Tesla (born 1856), Croatian-born Serbian American inventor.
• January 24 – Carl Brigham (born 1890), American pioneer of psychometrics.
• January 26 – Nikolai Vavilov (born 1887), Russian plant pathologist (in prison).
• February 14 – David Hilbert (born 1862), German mathematician.
• February 23 – Abraham Buschke (born 1868), German Jewish dermatologist (in Theresienstadt concentration camp).
• March 2 – Gisela Januszewska (born 1867), Austrian public health physician (in Theresienstadt concentration camp).
• March 28 – Robert W. Paul (born 1869), English pioneer of cinematography.
• April 8 – Kiyotsugu Hirayama (born 1874), Japanese astronomer.
• June 26 – Karl Landsteiner (born 1868), Austrian-born American Jewish physiologist.
• July 7 – Hugh Whistler (born 1889), English ornithologist of India.
• September 23 – John Bradfield (born 1867), Australian civil engineer.
• October 1 – Albert Stewart Meek (born 1871), English-born Australian ornithologist.
• November 14 – Frank Leverett (born 1859), American glaciologist.
• November 20 – Bertha Lamme Feicht (born 1869), American electrical engineer.

References

1. Ma, Jinshuang; Shao, Guofan (2003). "Rediscovery of the 'first collection' of the 'Living Fossil', Metasequoia glyptostroboides". Taxon. 52 (3): 585–8. doi:10.2307/3647458. JSTOR 3647458.
2. Copeland, B. Jack, ed. (2006). Colossus: the Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-284055-4.
3. "The Eruption of Parícutin (1943-1952)". How Volcanoes Work. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
4. "Parícutin, Mexico". Volcano World. Archived from the original on 2012-02-06. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
5. "Parícutin: The Birth of a Volcano". Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 2012-10-23.
6. Comroe, J. H. Jr (1978). "Pay dirt: the story of streptomycin. Part I: from Waksman to Waksman". American Review of Respiratory Disease. 117 (4): 773–781. doi:10.1164/arrd.1978.117.4.773 (inactive 2020-05-22). PMID 417651.
7. "Surviving War; Declining Health". Lincoln & Churchill. Lehrman Institute. 2013-11-07. Retrieved 2017-01-21.
8. Kanner, L. (1943). "Autistic disturbances of affective contact". Nervous Child. 2 (4): 217–50. PMID 4880460. Reprinted in: Acta Paedopsychiatrica. 35 (4): 100–36. 1968. PMID 4880460.CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
9. Aizawa, Ken (2004). "McCulloch, Warren Sturgis". Dictionary of the Philosophy of Mind. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
10. Moore, Carrie A. (2009-02-11). "Kolff, 'father of artificial organs,' dies at 97". Deseret News. Salt Lake City. Retrieved 2012-06-13.
11. Macintosh, R. R. (1943). "A new laryngoscope". The Lancet. 241 (6233): 205. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)89390-3.
12. Scott, J.; Baker, P. A. (2009). "How did the Macintosh laryngoscope become so popular?". Paediatric Anaesthesia. 19 (Supplement 1): 24–9. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.03026.x. PMID 19572841.
13. Flower, Stephen (2002). A Hell Of A Bomb. Tempus. ISBN 978-0-7524-2386-9.
14. McGrath, Kimberley A.; Travers, Bridget E., eds. (1999). World of Invention. Detroit: Thomson Gale. ISBN 978-0-7876-2759-1. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2011.