1949 in science
The year 1949 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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Astronomy and space exploration
- June 14 – Albert II, a rhesus monkey, becomes the first mammal in space, in a U.S.-launched V-2 rocket, reaching an altitude of 83 miles (134 km) but dying on impact after a parachute failure.
Chemistry
- Radiocarbon dating technique discovered by Willard Libby and his colleagues at the University of Chicago—work for which Libby will receive the Nobel prize in 1960.
- A group including Dorothy Hodgkin publish the three-dimensional molecular structure of penicillin, demonstrating that it contains a β-lactam ring.[1][2]
Computer science
- April – Manchester Mark 1 computer operable at the University of Manchester in England.
- May 6 – EDSAC, the first practicable stored-program computer, runs its first program at University of Cambridge in England, to calculate a table of squares.[3]
Earth sciences
- August 5 – Ambato earthquake in Ecuador, measuring 6.8 on the Richter magnitude scale.[4]
- Patomskiy crater in Siberia is discovered by Russian geologist Vadim Kolpakov.
History of science
- Herbert Butterfield publishes The Origins of Modern Science, 1300-1800.
Mathematics
- Ákos Császár discovers the Császár polyhedron.
- D. R. Kaprekar discovers the convergence property of the number 6174.
Medicine
- The use of lithium salts to control mania is rediscovered by Australian psychiatrist John Cade, the first mood stabilizer.[5]
- First implant of intraocular lens, by Sir Harold Ridley
- First Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, a self-report personality test, released.
Meteorology
- January 11 – Los Angeles, California receives its first recorded snowfall.
Philosophy
- Gilbert Ryle's book The Concept of Mind, a founding document in the philosophy of mind, is published.
Physics
- Freeman Dyson demonstrates the equivalence of the formulations of quantum electrodynamics existing at this time,[6] incidentally inventing the Dyson series.[7]
- The Lanczos tensor is introduced in general relativity by Cornelius Lanczos.[8]
- Pauli–Villars regularization is first published.[9]
Zoology
- J. B. S. Haldane proposes the Darwin as a unit of evolutionary change.[10]
- Konrad Lorenz publishes King Solomon's Ring (Er redete mit dem Vieh, den Vögeln und den Fischen).
Awards
- Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Yukawa Hideki
- Chemistry – William Francis Giauque
- Medicine – Walter Rudolf Hess, Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz
Births
- January 25 – Paul Nurse, English cell biologist, winner of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- February 17 – Peter Piot, Belgian microbiologist and epidemiologist.
- February 19 – Danielle Bunten Berry, born Dan(iel Paul) Bunten (died 1998), American software developer.
- March 28 – Michael W. Young, American geneticist and chronobiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- April 1 – Alice Alldredge, Australian-born oceanographer.
- April 5 – Judith Resnik (died 1986), American astronaut.
- April 18 – Yasumasa Kanada, Japanese mathematician.
- May 24 – Tomaž Pisanski, Slovenian mathematician.
- May 26 – Ward Cunningham, American computer programmer.
- June 2 – Heather Couper (died 2020), English astronomer.
- August 31 – H. David Politzer, American physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- November 24 – Sally Davies, English Chief Medical Officer.
Deaths
- February 22 – Félix d'Herelle (died 1873), French-Canadian microbiologist, a co-discoverer of bacteriophages.
- April 28 – Robert Robertson (born 1869), British chemist.
- May 27
- Ægidius Elling (born 1861), Norwegian gas turbine pioneer.
- Martin Knudsen (born 1871), Danish physicist.
- August 5 – Ernest Fourneau (born 1872), French medicinal chemist.
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References
- Crowfoot, D.; Bunn, Charles W.; Rogers-Low, Barbara W.; Turner-Jones, Annette (1949). "X-ray crystallographic investigation of the structure of penicillin". In Clarke, H. T.; Johnson, J. R.; Robinson, R. (eds.). Chemistry of Penicillin. Princeton University Press. pp. 310–367.
- Glusker, Jenny P. (1994). "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910-1994)". Protein Science. 3 (12): 2465–2469. doi:10.1002/pro.5560031233. PMC 2142778. PMID 7757003.
- "Pioneer computer to be rebuilt". Cam. 62: 5. 2011.
- "Today in Earthquake History: August 5". United States Geological Survey. 2009-12-18. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
- Cade, J. F. J. (1949). "Lithium salts in the treatment of psychotic excitement" (PDF). Medical Journal of Australia. 2 (10): 349–52. doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.1999.06241.x. PMC 2560740. PMID 18142718. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
- Dyson, F. J. (1949). "The radiation theories of Tomonaga, Schwinger, and Feynman". Physical Review. 75 (3): 486–502. Bibcode:1949PhRv...75..486D. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.75.486.
- Dyson, F. J. (1949). "The S matrix in quantum electrodynamics". Physical Review. 75 (11): 1736–1755. Bibcode:1949PhRv...75.1736D. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.75.1736.
- Lanczos, Cornelius (1949). "Lagrangian Multiplier and Riemannian Spaces" (PDF). Reviews of Modern Physics. 21 (3): 497–502. Bibcode:1949RvMP...21..497L. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.21.497.
- Pauli, W.; Villars, F. (1949). "On the Invariant Regularization in Relativistic Quantum Theory". Reviews of Modern Physics. 21 (3): 434–444. Bibcode:1949RvMP...21..434P. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.21.434.
- Haldane, J. B. S. (1949). "Suggestions as to quantitative measurement of rates of evolution". Evolution. 3 (1): 51–56. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1949.tb00004.x. JSTOR 2405451.
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