1935 in science

The year 1935 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

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Astronomy

• May 14 – Opening of the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles, California.
• October 3 – Opening of the Hayden Planetarium in New York City.

Chemistry

• February 28–March 1 – Working with polyamides to develop a viable new fiber for chemical company DuPont, American chemist Gérard Berchet working under the direction of Wallace Carothers first synthesizes the synthetic polymer nylon at Wilmington, Delaware.[1]
• April 13 – Dorothy Hodgkin publishes her first solo paper, on the methodology of X-ray crystallography of insulin.[2]
• Vitamin E is first isolated in a pure form by Gladys Anderson Emerson at the University of California, Berkeley.[3]
• Eastman Kodak first market Kodachrome subtractive color reversal film as 16 mm movie film.[4][5] It has been invented by two professional musicians, Leopold Godowsky, Jr. and Leopold Mannes.[6][7][8]

Ecology

• English botanist Arthur Tansley introduces the concept of the ecosystem.[9][10]

Geology

• Charles Richter and Beno Gutenberg develop the Richter magnitude scale for quantifying earthquakes.

History of science and technology

• American bacteriologist Hans Zinsser publishes Rats, lice and history: being a study in biography, which... deals with the life history of typhus fever.[11]
• Cornish Engines Preservation Committee formed to conserve the Levant Mine beam engine in Cornwall, England.

Mathematics

• April 19 – Alonzo Church presents his paper "An unsolvable problem of elementary number theory", introducing his theorem on the Entscheidungsproblem, to the American Mathematical Society.[12]
• Octav Onicescu and Gheorghe Mihoc develop the notion of the "chain with complete links" in probability theory.[13]
• George Pólya develops counting techniques for graphs as algebra.[14]
• George K. Zipf proposes Zipf's law on probability distribution.[15]

Pharmacology

• January 2 – IG Farben are granted a patent in Germany for the medical application of the first sulfonamide prodrug, Sulfonamidochrysoidine (KI-730; marketed as Prontosil). In February, Gerhard Domagk and others publish (in Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift) the first clinical results on its properties as an antibiotic, the first commercially available; and in November a team directed by Ernest Fourneau at the Pasteur Institute identify sulfanilamide as the active component.[16]

Physics

• January 8 – A.C. Hardy patents the spectrophotometer.
• February 26 – Robert Watson-Watt and Arnold Wilkins first demonstrate the reflection of radio waves from an aircraft, near Daventry in England;[17] on June 17, the first radio detection of an aircraft by ground-based radar is made at Orford Ness.
• Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen publish a paper arguing that quantum mechanics is not a complete physical theory (the EPR paradox).[18] Discussion of this introduces the 'Schrödinger's cat' thought experiment.[19]
• Jacques Yvon introduces S-particle distribution functions in classical statistical mechanics;[20] they will later be included in the BBGKY hierarchy.

Physiology and medicine

• January 28 – Iceland becomes the first country to legalize abortion on medical grounds.
• May – The hormone testosterone is first isolated and named by a team at Organon in the Netherlands led by German scientist Ernst Laqueur.[21] In August, the chemical synthesis of testosterone from cholesterol is achieved by Adolf Butenandt and Günther Hanisch.[22] A week later, the Ciba group in Zurich, Leopold Ruzicka and A. Wettstein, publish their synthesis of the hormone.[23]
• Ladislas J. Meduna discovers metrazol shock therapy.
• First vaccine for yellow fever.

Technology

• January 24 – The first beer can is sold in Richmond, Virginia, United States, by the Gottfried Krueger Brewing Company.[24]
• June 12 – Conrad Bahr and George Pfefferle file a United States patent for an adjustable ratcheting torque wrench.[25]
• July 16 – The world's first parking meter is installed in Oklahoma City to a design by Holger George Thuesen and Gerald A. Hale patented by Carl Magee.[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]
• November 6
  • Edwin H. Armstrong presents his paper on FM broadcasting, "A Method of Reducing Disturbances in Radio Signaling by a System of Frequency Modulation", to the New York section of the Institute of Radio Engineers.
  • First flight of the Hawker Hurricane British fighter aircraft, designed by Sydney Camm.
• Callender-Hamilton bridge patented by A. M. Hamilton.

Events

• September 16–21 – First Congress for the Unity of Science is held at the Sorbonne.[34]

Awards

• Nobel Prizes
  • Physics – James Chadwick
  • Chemistry – Frédéric Joliot, Irène Joliot-Curie
  • Medicine – Hans Spemann

Births

• January 29 – Roger Payne, American biologist and zoologist.
• February 15 – Roger B. Chaffee (died in accident 1967), American astronaut.
• February 27 – Anne Treisman, née Taylor, English-born psychologist.
• April 11 – Kazys Almenas (died 2017), Lithuanian physicist, engineer and publisher.
• April 25 – Jim Peebles, Canadian-born theoretical cosmologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
• June 14 – Louise Hay, née Schmir (died 1989), French-born American mathematician.
• June 25 – Charles Sheffield (died 2002), English-born science fiction author and physicist.
• June 30 – Animesh Chakravorty, Bengali Indian academic, chemistry professor.
• July 12 – Satoshi Ōmura, Japanese biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• July 14 – Ei-ichi Negishi, Japanese chemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
• August 3 – Georgy Shonin (died 1997), Ukrainian cosmonaut.
• August 26 – Karen Spärck Jones (died 2007), English computer scientist.
• September 11 – Gherman Titov (died 2000), Soviet cosmonaut.
• September 19 – Milan Antal (died 1999), Slovak astronomer
• October 23 – JacSue Kehoe, American neuroscientist
• October 26 – Ora Mendelsohn Rosen (died 1990), American biomedical researcher.
• November 11 – Magdi Yacoub, Egyptian-born cardiothoracic surgeon.
• November 20 – Michael F. Ashby, English materials engineer.
• December 27 – Stephan Tanneberger (died 2018), German oncologist, chemist.

Deaths

• March 12 – Mihajlo Pupin (born 1858), Serbian American physicist.
• March 16 – John James Rickard Macleod (born 1876), Scottish physician and physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• May 12 – Abraham Groves (born 1847), Canadian surgeon.
• July 3 – André Citroën (born 1878), French automobile manufacturer.
• September 28 – W. K. Dickson (born 1860), British cinematographic pioneer.
• December 4 – Charles Richet (born 1850), French physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
• November 6 – Henry Fairfield Osborn (born 1857), American paleontologist.
• November 21 – Agnes Pockels (born 1862), German chemist.
• December 10 – Sir John Carden, 6th Baronet (born 1892), English tank and vehicle designer (died in 1935 SABENA Savoia-Marchetti S.73 crash).
• December 12 – Charles Loomis Dana (born 1852), American neurologist.

References

1. Trossarelli, L. (2010). "the history of nylon". Club Alpino Italiano, Centro Studi Materiali e Tecniche. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
2. Hodgkin, D. (1935). "X-ray single crystal photographs of insulin". Nature. London. 135: 591–2.
3. Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2007), "Emerson, Gladys Anderson", Encyclopedia of World Scientists, p. 211, ISBN 978-1438118826
4. "Color Movies Easy To Make With Aid Of New Film". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. June 1935.
5. Wadley, Carma (1999-06-25). "Range of Color: Kodachrome Basin Lives up to Name it Got by Accident". Deseret News. Archived from the original on August 13, 2010. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
6. Tomsho, Robert (2009-06-23). "Kodak to Take Kodachrome Away". The Wall Street Journal. p. B6. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
7. "Leopold Godowsky, Jr". Invent.org. Archived from the original on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
8. "Leopold Mannes". Invent.org. Archived from the original on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
9. Tansley, A. G. (1935). "The use and abuse of vegetational terms and concepts". Ecology. 16 (3): 284–307. doi:10.2307/1930070. JSTOR 1930070.
10. The term ecosystem was coined by Arthur Roy Clapham at Tansley's request. Willis, A. J. (1997). "The Ecosystem: An Evolving Concept Viewed Historically". Functional Ecology. 11 (2): 268–271. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.1997.00081.x.
11. Helmenstine, Anne Marie (2011-09-03). "This Day in Science History – September 4 – Hans Zinsser". About.com. Archived from the original on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
12. American Journal of Mathematics 58 (1935) pp. 345–363.
13. "Romanian Inventions". The Reminder (46): 7 (supplement). June 1983.
14. Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
15. Zipf, George K. (1935). The Psychobiology of Language. Houghton-Mifflin.
16. Lesch, J. E. (2007). The first miracle drugs: how the sulfa drugs transformed medicine. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 82–86. ISBN 978-0-19-518775-5.
17. Magazines, Hearst (June 1935). "Passive Covert Radar – Watson-Watt's Daventry Experiment Revisited". IET. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
18. "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?"
19. Schrödinger, Erwin (November 1935). "Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik" [The present situation in quantum mechanics]. Naturwissenschaften. 23 (49): 807–812. Bibcode:1935NW.....23..807S. doi:10.1007/BF01491891.
20. Yvon, J. (1935). Theorie Statistique des Fluides et l'Equation et l'Equation d'Etat. Actes scientifique et industrie, 203. Paris: Hermann.
21. David K. G.; Dingemanse, E.; Freud, J. L. (May 1935). "Über krystallinisches mannliches Hormon aus Hoden (Testosteron) wirksamer als aus harn oder aus Cholesterin bereitetes Androsteron" [On crystalline male hormone from testicles (testosterone) effective as from urine or from cholesterol]. Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie (in German). 233 (5–6): 281–83. doi:10.1515/bchm2.1935.233.5-6.281.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
22. Butenandt, A.; Hanisch, G. (1935). "Ũber die Umwandlung des Dehydroandrosterons in Androstenol-(17)-one-(3) (Testosterone): um Weg zur Darstellung des Testosterons auf Cholesterin (Vorlauf Mitteilung)" [The conversion of dehydroandrosterone into androstenol-(17)-one-3 (testosterone): a method for the production of testosterone from cholesterol (preliminary communication)]. Chemische Berichte (in German). 68 (9): 1859–62. doi:10.1002/cber.19350680937.
23. Ruzicka, L.; Wettstein, A. (1935). "Ũber die kristallinische Herstellung des Testikelhormons, Testosteron (Androsten-3-ol-17-ol)" [The crystalline production of the testicle hormone, testosterone (Androsten-3-ol-17-ol)]. Helvetica Chimica Acta (in German). 18: 1264–75. doi:10.1002/hlca.193501801176.
24. Maxwell, D. B. S. (1993). "Beer Cans: A Guide for the Archaeologist". Historical Archaeology. 27 (1): 95–113. JSTOR 25616219.
25. US 2074079, Charles, Bahr Conrad & Pfefferle, George H., "Torque measuring wrench", published 1937-03-16
26. United States patent #2,118,318 for a "coin controlled parking meter" filed 13 May 1935.
27. "Inglewood Did Not Invent The Parking Meter". Inglewood, California. Archived from the original on 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
28. "POM Parking Meters". Retrieved 2012-02-17.
29. Magazines, Hearst (October 1935). "Coin-in-Slot Parking Meter Brings Revenue to City". Popular Mechanics: 519.
30. "70 Years Ago – Tick Tick Tick". Smithsonian: 18. May 2008.
31. Crossen, Cynthia (2007-07-30). "When Parallel Parking Was New and Meters Seemed Un-American". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
32. The History Channel. History's Lost and Found.
33. Chan, Sewell (2006-12-20). "New York Retires Last Mechanical Parking Meter". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
34. Stadler, Friedrich (2015) [2001]. The Vienna Circle: studies in the origins, development, and influence of logical empiricism. Vienna Circle Institute library. 4 (Abridged and revised ed.). Cham: Springer Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16561-5. ISBN 9783319165608. OCLC 911018849.^:171