1221

Year 1221 (MCCXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	12th century 13th century 14th century
Decades:	1200s 1210s 1220s 1230s 1240s
Years:	1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224

1221 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1221 MCCXXI
Ab urbe condita	1974
Armenian calendar	670 ԹՎ ՈՀ
Assyrian calendar	5971
Balinese saka calendar	1142–1143
Bengali calendar	628
Berber calendar	2171
English Regnal year	5 Hen. 3 – 6 Hen. 3
Buddhist calendar	1765
Burmese calendar	583
Byzantine calendar	6729–6730
Chinese calendar	庚辰年 (Metal Dragon) 3917 or 3857     — to — 辛巳年 (Metal Snake) 3918 or 3858
Coptic calendar	937–938
Discordian calendar	2387
Ethiopian calendar	1213–1214
Hebrew calendar	4981–4982
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1277–1278
- Shaka Samvat	1142–1143
- Kali Yuga	4321–4322
Holocene calendar	11221
Igbo calendar	221–222
Iranian calendar	599–600
Islamic calendar	617–618
Japanese calendar	Jōkyū 3 (承久３年)
Javanese calendar	1129–1130
Julian calendar	1221 MCCXXI
Korean calendar	3554
Minguo calendar	691 before ROC 民前691年
Nanakshahi calendar	−247
Thai solar calendar	1763–1764
Tibetan calendar	阳金龙年 (male Iron-Dragon) 1347 or 966 or 194     — to — 阴金蛇年 (female Iron-Snake) 1348 or 967 or 195

Events

• January – The Mongol army under Jochi captures the city of Gurganj (modern-day Konye-Urgench in Turkmenistan), and massacres the inhabitants, reported by contemporary scholars as being over a million.
• February – The oasis city of Merv on the Silk Road is sacked by the Mongols under Tolui, at the orders of Genghis Khan. Contemporary scholars report over a million people are systematically killed in a genocide.
• February 4 – The city of Nizhny Novgorod is founded by Grand Prince Yuri II of Vladimir.
• May 13 – Emperor Juntoku is forced to abdicate, and is briefly succeeded by his 2-year-old son Emperor Chūkyō, on the throne of Japan. Ex-Emperor Go-Toba leads the unsuccessful Jōkyū War, against the Kamakura shogunate.
• June 16 – The Jews of Erfurt, Germany are massacred, after a ritual murder libel. A crowd storms the synagogue where the Jews have gathered. The threat is baptism or death. The Jewish quarter, including the synagogue, is razed; many Jews are tortured and killed. Among the martyrs are Shem Tov ha-Levi, and Rabbi and Mrs. Shmuel Kalonymos. This day will be observed as a fast day (al Kiddush Hashem) for many years.
• July 29 – 10-year-old Emperor Go-Horikawa ascends to the Chrysanthemum Throne of Japan.[1]
• Mid-December – John III Doukas Vatatzes becomes Byzantine Emperor (in the Empire of Nicaea).[2]
• A large and highly efficient Mongol army, dispatched under Subutai by Genghis Khan to Georgia, defeats two Georgian armies around Tbilisi, but lacks the will or equipment to besiege the city.
• Genghis Khan enters the Indus Valley in modern-day Pakistan.[3][4]
• Majd al-Mulk al-Muzaffar, the grand vizier of Khorasan, is killed in a genocide by the Mongol invaders.
• The Maya of the Yucatán revolt against the rulers of Chichen Itza.[5][6]
• Nizari Ismaili emissaries meet Genghis Khan in Balkh.[7]
• Sultan al-Kamil, son of al-Adil ("Saphadin"), who was a brother of Saladin, offers Jerusalem to the Crusaders for ten years in return for Damietta, which the Crusaders eventually give up, in exchange for a safe retreat from the Nile Delta.

Births

• October 9 – Salimbene di Adam, Italian chronicler[8]
• November 23 – King Alfonso X of Castile (d. 1284)[9]
• Bonaventure, Italian theologian and saint (d. 1274)[10]
• Margaret of Provence, queen consort of France (d. 1295)
• Boleslaus the Pious, Duke of Greater Poland (d. 1279)
• Alexander Nevsky, Grand Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir

Deaths

• August 6 – Saint Dominic, Spanish founder of the Dominicans (b. 1170)[11]
• October 4 – William IV, Count of Ponthieu (b. 1179)
• October 21 – Alix, Duchess of Brittany regnant (b. 1201)
• Roger Bigod, 2nd Earl of Norfolk, English courtier (b. c. 1144/1150)
• Hassan III of Alamut, Nizari Isma'ili imam (b. 1187)
• Mutukan, first son of Chagatai Khan

References

1. Perkins, George W. "Mourning Attire". The Clear Mirror: A Chronicle of the Japanese Court During the Kamakura Period (1185-1333). Stanford University Press. p. 59. ISBN 0804763887.
2. George Akropolites. The History. Trans. Ruth Macrides. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 160.
3. Jeune, Sir Francis Henry (1867). The Mahometan Power in India: The Arnold Prize Essay for 1867. p. 20.
4. Lindsay Brown; Paul Clammer; Rodney Cocks (2008). "North-west Frontier Province". Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway. Lonely Planet. p. 189. ISBN 1741045428.
5. Richard Bodley Scott; Graham Briggs; Rudy Scott Nelson (2009). Blood and Gold: The Americas at War. Osprey Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 1846036917. Archived from the original on December 27, 2014. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
6. Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1883). The native races. 1882-86. British Columbia: History Company.
7. Daftary, Farhad (2012). Historical Dictionary of the Ismailis. Scarecrow Press. p. xxx. ISBN 978-0-8108-6164-0.
8. Rayborn, Tim (October 9, 2014). "Popular Religion, Heresy and Mendicancy". Against the Friars: Antifraternalism in Medieval France and England. McFarland. p. 17. ISBN 0786468319.
9. Francisco Márquez Villanueva; Carlos Alberto Vega (1990). Alfonso X of Castile, the learned king, 1221-1284: an international symposium, Harvard University, 17 November 1984. Dept. of Romance Languages and Literatures of Harvard University. p. 165. ISBN 0940940434.
10. M. Walsh, ed. (1991). Butler's Lives of the Saints. New York: HarperCollins. p. 216.
11. Perkins, Charles Callahan (1864). "The Arca Di S. Domenico.". Tuscan sculptors: their lives, works and times, Volume 1. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. p. 19. Saint Dominic 1221 August 6.