Kaph

Kaf (also spelled kaph) is the eleventh letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Kāp 𐤊‎ , Hebrew Kāf כ‎, Aramaic Kāp 𐡊‎ , Syriac Kāp̄ ܟܟ‎, Persian Kāf ک‎, and Arabic Kāf ك‎ (in Abjadi order).

← Yodh Kaph Lamedh →
Phoenician Hebrew כ, ך‎ Aramaic Syriac ܟܟ Arabic ك
Phonemic representation	k, x
Position in alphabet	11
Numerical value	20
Alphabetic derivatives of the Phoenician
Greek Κ Latin K Cyrillic К

The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek kappa (Κ), Latin K, and Cyrillic К.

Origin of kaph

Kaph is thought to be derived from a pictogram of a hand (in both modern Arabic and modern Hebrew, kaph כף means palm/grip).

Hebrew kaf

Orthographic variants
Various print fonts			Cursive Hebrew	Rashi script
Serif	Sans-serif	Monospaced
כ	כ	כ

Hebrew spelling: כַּף‎

Hebrew pronunciation

Main article: Modern Hebrew phonology

The letter kaf is one of the six letters which can receive a dagesh kal. The other five are bet, gimel, daleth, pe, and tav (see Hebrew Alphabet for more about these letters).

There are two orthographic variants of this letter which alter the pronunciation:

Name	Symbol	IPA	Transliteration[1]	Example
Kaf	כּ‎	[k]	k	kangaroo
Khaf	כ‎	[χ] or [x]	ch, kh, or k	loch

Kaf with the dagesh

When the kaph has a "dot" in its center, known as a dagesh, it represents a voiceless velar plosive ([k]). There are various rules in Hebrew grammar that stipulate when and why a dagesh is used.

Kaf without the dagesh (khaf)

When this letter appears as כ‎ without the dagesh ("dot") in its center it represents [χ], like the ch in German "Bach".

In modern Israeli Hebrew the letter heth is often pronounced as a [χ], but many communities have differentiated between these letters as in other Semitic languages.

Final form of kaf

Orthographic variants
Various Print Fonts			Cursive Hebrew	Rashi script
Serif	Sans-serif	Monospaced
ך	ך	ך

If the letter is at the end of a word the symbol is drawn differently. However, it does not change the pronunciation or transliteration in any way. The name for the letter is final kaf (kaf sofit). Four additional Hebrew letters take final forms: tsadi, mem, nun, and pei. Kaf/khaf is the only Hebrew letter that can take a vowel in its word-final form which is pronounced after the consonant, that vowel being the qamatz.

Name	Alternate name	Symbol
Final kaf	Kaf sofit	ךּ‎
Final khaf	Khaf sofit	ך‎

Significance of kaph in Hebrew

In gematria, kaph represents the number 20. Its final form represents 500, but this is rarely used, tav and qoph (400+100) being used instead.

As a prefix, kaph is a preposition:

• It can mean "like" or "as", as in literary Arabic (see below).
• In colloquial Hebrew, kaph and shin together have the meaning of "when". This is a contraction of כַּאֲשֶׁר‎, ka'asher (when).

Arabic kāf

The letter is named kāf, and it is written in several ways depending on its position in the word.

There are three variants of the letter:

• the basic form is used for the Arabic language and many other languages:

Position in word:	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ك‎	ـك‎	ـكـ‎	كـ‎

• the cross-barred form, notably 'al-kāf al-mashkūlah/al-mashqūqah,[2] is used predominantly as an alternative form of the version above in all forms of Arabic and in the languages that use the Perso-Arabic script.

Position in word:	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ک‎	ـک‎	ـکـ‎	کـ‎

• the long s-shaped variant form, al-kāf al-mabsūṭah,[3] which is used in Arabic texts and for writing the Qur'an. It has a particular use in the Sindhi language of Pakistan, where it represents the unaspirated /k/, in contrast to the aspirated /kʰ/, which is written using the "normal" kāf ک (called keheh).

Position in word:	Isolated	Final	Medial	Initial
Glyph form: (Help)	ڪ‎	ـڪ‎	ـڪـ‎	ڪـ‎

In varieties of Arabic kāf is almost universally pronounced as the voiceless velar plosive /k/, but in rural Palestinian and Iraqi, it is pronounced as a voiceless postalveolar affricate [t͡ʃ].

Use in literary Arabic

In Literary Arabic, kāf is used as a prefix meaning "like", "as", or "as though". For example, كَطَائِر (/katˤaːʔir/), meaning "like a bird" or "as though a bird" (as in Hebrew, above). The prefix كَـ ka is one of the Arabic words for "like" or "as" (the other, مِثْل /miθl/, is unrelated). The /ka/ prefix sometimes has been added to other words to create fixed constructions. For instance, it is prefixed to ذٰلِك /ðaːlik/ "this, that" to form the fixed word كَذٰلِك /kaðaːlik/ "like so, likewise."

kāf is used as a possessive suffix for second-person singular nouns (feminine taking kāf-kasrah كِ, /ki/ and masculine kāf-fatḥah كَ /ka/); for instance, كِتَاب kitāb ("book") becomes كِتَابُكَ kitābuka ("your book", where the person spoken to is masculine) كِتَابُكِ kitābuki ("your book", where the person spoken to is feminine). At the ends of sentences and often in conversation the final vowel is suppressed, and thus كِتَابُك kitābuk ("your book"). In several varieties of vernacular Arabic, however, the kāf with no harakat is the standard second-person possessive, with the literary Arabic harakah shifted to the letter before the kāf: thus masculine "your book" in these varieties is كِتَابَك kitābak and feminine "your book" كِتَابِك kitābik.

Character encodings

Character information

Preview	כ		ך		ك		ک		ܟ		ڪ
Unicode name	HEBREW LETTER KAF		HEBREW LETTER FINAL KAF		ARABIC LETTER KAF/CAF		ARABIC LETTER KEHEH		SYRIAC LETTER KAPH		ARABIC LETTER SWASH KAF (SINDHI)
Encodings	decimal	hex	decimal	hex	decimal	hex	decimal	hex	decimal	hex	decimal	hex
Unicode	1499	U+05DB	1498	U+05DA	1603	U+0643	1705	U+06A9	1823	U+071F	1706	U+06AA
UTF-8	215 155	D7 9B	215 154	D7 9A	217 131	D9 83	218 169	DA A9	220 159	DC 9F	218 170	DA AA
Numeric character reference	כ	כ	ך	ך	ك	ك	ک	ک	ܟ	ܟ	ڪ	ڪ

Character information

Preview	ࠊ		𐎋		𐡊		𐤊
Unicode name	SAMARITAN LETTER KAAF		UGARITIC LETTER KAF		IMPERIAL ARAMAIC LETTER KAPH		PHOENICIAN LETTER KAF
Encodings	decimal	hex	decimal	hex	decimal	hex	decimal	hex
Unicode	2058	U+080A	66443	U+1038B	67658	U+1084A	67850	U+1090A
UTF-8	224 160 138	E0 A0 8A	240 144 142 139	F0 90 8E 8B	240 144 161 138	F0 90 A1 8A	240 144 164 138	F0 90 A4 8A
UTF-16	2058	080A	55296 57227	D800 DF8B	55298 56394	D802 DC4A	55298 56586	D802 DD0A
Numeric character reference	ࠊ	ࠊ	𐎋	𐎋	𐡊	𐡊	𐤊	𐤊

See also

• Ca (Indic)
• Gaf
• Ka (Indic)
• Ngaph

References

1. Transliteration Rules, Encyclopedia Judaica.
2. Gacek, Adam (2008). The Arabic manuscript tradition: a glossary of technical terms and bibliography: supplement. Leiden: Brill. p. 43. ISBN 9004165401.
3. Gacek, Adam (2008). The Arabic manuscript tradition: a glossary of technical terms and bibliography: supplement. Leiden: Brill. p. 8. ISBN 9004165401.