Chōonpu

The chōonpu (Japanese: 長音符, lit. "long sound symbol"), also known as chōonkigō (長音記号), onbiki (音引き), bōbiki (棒引き), or Katakana-Hiragana Prolonged Sound Mark by the Unicode Consortium, is a Japanese symbol that indicates a chōon, or a long vowel of two morae in length. Its form is a horizontal or vertical line in the center of the text with the width of one kanji or kana character. It is written horizontally in horizontal text and vertically in vertical text. The chōonpu is usually used to indicate a long vowel sound in katakana writing, rarely in hiragana writing, and never in romanized Japanese. The chōonpu is a distinct mark from the dash, and in most Japanese typefaces it can easily be distinguished. In horizontal writing it is similar in appearance to, but should not be confused with, the kanji character 一 ("one").

The word タクシー (takushī, ‘taxi’) written vertically with vertical chōonpu

The symbol is sometimes used with hiragana, for example in the signs of ramen restaurants, which are normally written らーめん in hiragana. Usually, however, hiragana does not use the chōonpu but another vowel kana to express this sound. The following table shows the usual hiragana equivalents used to form a long vowel, using the ha-gyō (the ha, hi, fu, he, ho sequence) as an example.

Romaji	Hiragana	Katakana
hā	はあ	ハー
hī	ひい	ヒー
fū / hū	ふう	フー
hē (hee)	へえ	ヘー
hō (hoo)	ほお or ほう	ホー

When rendering English words into katakana, the chōonpu is often used to represent a syllable-final sequence of a vowel letter + r, which in English generally represents a long vowel if the syllable is stressed and a schwa if unstressed (in rhotic dialects it may additionally be an R-coloured vowel). For example, both "ar" and "er" are usually represented by a long ā vowel, with the words "number" and "car" becoming ナンバー (nanbā) and カー (kā).

In addition to Japanese, chōonpu are also used in Okinawan writing systems to indicate two morae. The Sakhalin dialect of Ainu also uses chōonpu in its katakana writing for long vowels.

Digital encoding

In Unicode, the chōonpu has the value U+30FC ー KATAKANA-HIRAGANA PROLONGED SOUND MARK, which corresponds to JIS X 0208 kuten code point 01-28, encoded in Shift JIS as 815B. It is normally rendered fullwidth and with a glyph appropriate to the writing direction. The halfwidth compatibility form has the value U+FF70 ｰ HALFWIDTH KATAKANA-HIRAGANA PROLONGED SOUND MARK, which is converted to Shift JIS value B0.

Character information

Preview	ー		ｰ
Unicode name	KATAKANA-HIRAGANA PROLONGED SOUND MARK		HALFWIDTH KATAKANA-HIRAGANA PROLONGED SOUND MARK
Encodings	decimal	hex	decimal	hex
Unicode	12540	U+30FC	65392	U+FF70
UTF-8	227 131 188	E3 83 BC	239 189 176	EF BD B0
Numeric character reference	ー	ー	ｰ	ｰ
Shift JIS[1]	129 91	81 5B	176	B0
EUC-JP[2]	161 188	A1 BC	142 176	8E B0
GB 18030[3]	169 96	A9 60	132 49 151 50	84 31 97 32
KPS 9566-2011[4]	234 72	EA 48
Big5 (ETEN / HKSCS)[5][lower-alpha 1]	198 227	C6 E3

Other representations

Braille:

Footnotes

1. The other kana layout for Big5 does not include a chōonpu.[6]

References

1. Unicode Consortium (2015-12-02) [1994-03-08]. "Shift-JIS to Unicode".
2. Unicode Consortium; IBM. "EUC-JP-2007". International Components for Unicode.
3. Standardization Administration of China (SAC) (2005-11-18). GB 18030-2005: Information Technology—Chinese coded character set.
4. Chung, Jaemin (2018-01-05). "Information on the most recent version of KPS 9566 (KPS 9566-2011?)" (PDF). UTC L2/18-011.
5. van Kesteren, Anne. "big5". Encoding Standard. WHATWG.
6. Unicode Consortium (2015-12-02) [1994-02-11]. "BIG5 to Unicode table (complete)".

External links

• Media related to Chōonpu at Wikimedia Commons