Żagań

Żagań [ˈʐaɡaɲ] (listen) (French and German: Sagan, Upper Sorbian: Zahań, Latin: Saganum) is a town on the Bóbr river in western Poland, with 25,731 inhabitants (2019). The town is the capital of Żagań County in the historic region of Silesia. Previously in the Zielona Góra Voivodeship (1975–1998), Żagań has been in the Lubusz Voivodeship since 1999.

Żagań
Old town
Flag
Coat of arms
Żagań
Żagań
Coordinates: 51°37′N 15°19′E
Country Poland
Voivodeship Lubusz
CountyŻagań
GminaŻagań (urban gmina)
Established12th century
Town rightsbetween 1248 and 1260
Government
 • MayorAndrzej Katarzyniec
Area
 • Total39.92 km2 (15.41 sq mi)
Population
 (2019-06-30[1])
 • Total25,731
 • Density640/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
68-100 to 68-103
Area code(s)+48 68
Car platesFZG
WebsiteZagan.pl

The town hosts the Polish 11th Armoured Cavalry Division.[2] An American tank brigade constantly rotates through the town under Operation Atlantic Resolve.[3]

Etymology

The town's name probably means "place of the burnt forest" (pol. żegać, żagiew): probably referring to the burning of primaeval forest by early settlers. If this is correct, it is consistent with the names of nearby places: Żary, Zgorzelec, Pożarów.[4]

Geography

Żagań is located roughly halfway between Cottbus and Wrocław, approximately 100 meters above sea level and at the centre of the Żagań administrative district. It is about 100 km (62 mi) north of the Polish frontier with the former Czechoslovakia (now the Czech republic), and since the most recent reconfiguration of the frontiers has been located approximately 40 km (25 mi) to the east of the Polish frontier with Germany (formerly East Germany). The rural district of Żagań surrounds the town on its northern, eastern and southern sides. Iłowa lies to the south-west and the rural district of Żary is to the north-west. The Rivers Bóbr and Kwisa meet up just outside the town on its south-eastern side.

History

Polish Piast dynasty
Medieval town walls

The area formed part of Poland after the creation of the state in the 10th century. Żagań, first mentioned in a 1202 deed, then belonged the Duchy of Lower Silesia at Wrocław under the rule of the Piast duke Henry I the Bearded. In 1251, it was part of the newly created Duchy of Głogów under Henry's grandson Konrad I. Duke Konrad I granted Żagań town rights between 1248 and 1260.[5] The town developed wealth from development of mining, and, attracting settlers from the west, became a German-speaking town. [6]

After Konrad's death in 1274, his heirs again divided the duchy and the castle of Żagań became the residence of his youngest son Przemko of Ścinawa, Duke of Żagań from 1278, who established a monastery of the Augustinian Canons here. Thus the Duchy of Żagań came into the existence. In 1284, he swapped his estates for the Duchy of Ścinawa and was succeeded by his elder brother Konrad II the Hunchback. When Konrad II died in 1304, all the former Głogów estates were reunified under his surviving brother Henry III.

Żagań Palace

In 1309, Henry III of Głogów was succeeded by his eldest son Henry IV the Faithful, who in 1321 again had to divide the duchy with his younger brothers. He ceded Głogów to Przemko II and retired to Żagań, which again became the capital of a duchy in its own right. In 1329, all the sons of Henry III of Głogów became vassals of John of Luxembourg, the King of Bohemia - with the exception of Przemko II who died suddenly two years later. When in 1393 Henry VI the Older, grandson of Henry IV, died without issue, the estates were again reunified with Głogów until in 1412 Jan I, the eldest son of Duke Henry VIII the Sparrow, became the sole ruler of the Żagań duchy.

Saxon, Habsburg and Prussian rule

After a fierce battle for the inheritance, Jan II the Mad, son of Jan I, finally sold it to Duke Albert III of Saxony from the House of Wettin, thus ending the centuries-long Piast rule.

In 1549, Elector Maurice of Saxony ceded Sagan to the Bohemian king Ferdinand I of Habsburg. Emperor Ferdinand II of Habsburg allotted the fief to Albrecht von Wallenstein, his supreme commander in the Thirty Years' War in 1627. It then passed to the illustrious Bohemian family of Lobkowicz, who had the Baroque Żagań Palace erected. One of two main routes connecting Warsaw and Dresden ran through the town in the 18th century and Kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland traveled that route numerous times.[7] After the First Silesian War of 1742, Żagań became part of Prussia. It was part of the Province of Silesia of Prussia and after 1871 Germany. In the 19th century Żagań was still a significant Polish center.[8]

Former Lutheran chapel

In 1786, the fief was purchased by Peter von Biron, Duke of Courland, and in 1843, it passed to his daughter Dorothea, the wife of Edmond de Talleyrand, a nephew of the great French diplomat Talleyrand, who spent her retirement years at Sagan. A patent of King Frederick William IV of Prussia on 6 January 1845 invested her as Duchess of Sagan; and Napoleon III recognized the title in France, in favour of her son Louis.

Second World War

The double title (a prince and a duc) both Prussian and French, served to render the duc de Sagan a neutral party during the Second World War: his Château de Valençay provided a safe haven for treasures of the Louvre during the German occupation of France.

Clock tower of the Town Hall

Sagan was occupied by Soviet troops during the third week of February 1945, following several days of savage fighting.

Prisoner of war camps and The Great Escape

As early as 1939, soon after invading Poland, Nazi Germany established a system of prisoner of war (POW) camps in Sagan. In total, the Mannschafts-Stammlager Stalag VIIIC and its subsidiaries held over 300,000 prisoners from some 30 different countries. It is estimated that around 120,000 of them died of hunger, disease and maltreatment. Later, in 1942, an additional camp was set up for Allied pilots, called Stalag Luft III.[9]

Model of Stalag Luft III at the Żagań Historical Museum
Main article: Stalag Luft III

In March 1942, the town became the location of the Stalag Luft III camp for captured airmen (Kriegsgefangenen Stammlager der Luftwaffe 3 Sagan).[10] It was the site of the most courageous escape resulting in the killing of 50 prisoners including the following Polish flight officers: Major Antoni Kiewnarski; Lieutenant Stanislaw Krol; and navigation Lieutenants Włodzimierz Kolanowski, Jerzy Mondschein, Kazimierz Pawluk and Paweł Tobolski. This episode of history was the subject of the 1963 film The Great Escape, starring Steve McQueen. It was the biggest and the most deadly escape of officer aircrew captured by Nazi Germany during the entire war. The number of prisoners attempting the escape was 200, of whom 76 managed to leave the camp; 73 were caught and 50 executed on Hitler's orders. Just three successfully escaped, one to Gibraltar and two to Sweden.[10] All three re-united in England.

There were only a few other, similar escapes from German POW camps in the Second World War. A slightly smaller one on March 6, 1943 from the oflag in Szubin, involving 43 British officers. On September 19–20, 1943, an escape from the Oflag VI B in Doessel near Wartburg involved 47 Polish officers. A day later 67 French officers escaped from Edelbach in Austria 67. Another involved 54 French soldiers on December 18, 1943, from Marlag near Hamburg.

Poland

After Nazi Germany's defeat, the town became part of Poland as the result of the imposed Oder-Neisse line. The totality of the town's population was expelled for new Polish settlers to establish a new town community in Żagań.

Clearing the rubble began in 1947, and was followed by the establishment of small enterprises, factories and schools. During the 1970s, a "new town" quarter was built, and by 1983, the historic baronial château ("Żagań Palace") had been fully rebuilt.[11]

In the years 1967–1971 a museum dedicated to the history of prisoners of war of the Stalag VIII-C camp was established.[12]

Town Square

Monuments
  • Baroque ducal palace
  • Palace park
  • Post-Augustinian Monastery Complex, named one of Poland's official national Historic Monuments (Pomnik historii), as designated March 11, 2011. Its listing is maintained by the National Heritage Board of Poland.
  • Post-franciscan complex
  • Post-evangelical Church Tower

Sports

Żagań is home to sports' clubs

  • Czarni Żagań – football club, now plays in the lower leagues, 1964–65 Polish Cup runner-up
  • WKS Sobieski Żagań – volleyball club, now plays in II liga (3rd tier)
  • KS Bóbr Żagań – volleyball and rugby club
  • UKS Orzeł Żagań – youth unihockey club

Transport

Roads running through Żagań

Voivodeship road 296

Voivodeship road 295

National road 12

Important roads running near Żagań

National road 27

National road 18

Motorway A18 / E 36

Motorway A4 / E 40

Expressway S3 / E 65

Notable people
  • Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), German astronomer, mathematician and astrologer, lived in Sagan in 1628–1630
  • Albrecht von Wallenstein (1583–1634), duke of Sagan from 1627 to 1634
  • Johann Ignaz von Felbiger (1724–1788), educational reformer, abbot of the Order of. St. Augustine in Sagan
  • Peter von Biron (1724–1800), duke of Sagan from 1786 to 1800
  • Louis XVIII (1755–1824), future king of France. He spent several months in 1793 in Sagan.
  • Stendhal (1783–1842), French writer, spent several months in 1813 in Sagan
  • Dorothea de Talleyrand-Périgord (1793–1862), princess of Sagan from 1844 to 1862
  • Adolf Engler (1844–1930), German botanist
  • Reinhold Röhricht (1842–1905), German historian, studied at the Gymnasium in Sagan in 1852–1862
  • Wolfgang Paalen (1905–1959), Austrian painter and art philosopher, member of the Surrealist Group, spent part of his childhood in his father's castle St. Rochusburg near Sagan from 1913 to 1928
  • Bronisława Wajs (1908–1987), Polish-Romani classic poet. She lived in Żagań in the '50s.
  • Hans-Jürgen Steinmann (1929–2008), novelist
  • Wolfgang Samuel (born 1935), German child refugee, author, U.S. Air Force pilot
  • Ilse Kokula (born 1944), educator, author, LGBT activist
  • Mariusz Jurasik (born 1976), handball player
  • Łukasz Garguła (born 1981), footballer

Twin towns – sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Żagań is twinned with:[13]

Notable facts
gollark: I have offers for all but Edinburgh (they're very slow) and Oxford (rejected).
gollark: Oxford, Imperial, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Bristol.
gollark: And have an offer now, even.
gollark: It's fine, I think. I applied there.
gollark: To be fair, people do make really weird mistakes and assumptions about computers and being able to do this stuff competently probably means you do that less.

References
  1. "Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial divison in 2019. As of 30th June". stat.gov.pl. Statistics Poland. 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2020-04-03.
  2. Egnash, Martin (3 February 2017). "American soldiers on reassurance mission bring life to small Polish town". Stars & Stripes. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  3. Gnauck, Gerhard (13 January 2017). "US forces in Poland: Here to stay". DW. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
  4. Żagań. Plan miasta. Zielona Góra: Zakład Kartograficzny "Sygnatura". 1998. ISBN 83-87873-02-0.
  5. Studia nad początkami i rozplanowaniem miast nad środkową Odrą i dolną Wartą (Województwo zielonogórskie), Lubuskie Towarzystwo Naukowe, Zielona Góra, 1970, p. 516 (in Polish)
  6. Sebastian Brather (2008). Archäologie der westlichen Slawen: Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa (in German). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 87.
  7. "Informacja historyczna". Dresden-Warszawa (in Polish). Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  8. "Żagań". Encyklopedia PWN (in Polish). Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  9. "Historia obozów jenieckich". Muzeum Obozów Jenieckich w Żaganiu (The Museum of Prisoners of War Camps in Żagań). 2004. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
  10. "Stalag Luft III". Muzeum Obozów Jenieckich w Żaganiu (The Museum of PoW camps in Żagań). 2004. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
  11. "Historia". Żagań town website (in Polish). Retrieved 4 April 2015.
  12. "Muzeum". Urząd Miasta Żagań (in Polish). Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  13. "Miasta partnerskie". urzadmiasta.zagan.pl (in Polish). Żagań. Retrieved 2020-04-03.
  14. https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/pierwsza-na-swiecie-powiesc-science-fiction-6036867122893953a
  15. https://www.spinpol.com.pl/historia_ochrony_odgromowej_w_polsce
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