Operation Atlantic Resolve

Operation Atlantic Resolve, though not a "named" operation, is ongoing efforts in response to Russia's actions in Ukraine, mainly the War in Donbass. It is funded under the European Deterrence Initiative. In the wake of Russia's 2014 intervention in Ukraine, the U.S. took several immediate steps to enhance the deterrence posture along NATO's eastern flank, including augmenting the air, ground and naval presence in the region, and enhancing previously scheduled exercises. The U.S. is taking measures to enhance NATO military plans and defense capabilities and remains committed to maintaining a persistent presence in Central Europe and Eastern Europe.[1] Atlantic Resolve rotations are overseen by a regionally aligned headquarters there.[2]

A member of the Albanian military searches for opposing forces during a training mission in Hohenfels Training Area, Germany, Dec. 7, 2018.

Road march

Main article: Operation Dragoon Ride

In March 2015, a US Army spokesman in Wiesbaden announced that a convoy of armored fighting vehicles (including Strykers) would – after manoeuvres in Poland, Estonia and Lithuania – return via road to their garrison at Vilseck.[3] The road march started a week later.[4]

Assets

Aerial

The aerial assets are mostly deployed to Ämari Air Base, Graf Ignatievo Air Base, Mihail Kogălniceanu International Airport and Papa Air Base.

Air Force

The first aerial units were the 159th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron (159th EFS) with McDonnell Douglas F-15C Eagle's and the 123d EFS with F-15C's and a single F-15D from April 2015 who stayed for six months.[5]

This was added to by the following units:

• 355th Fighter Wing = 354th EFS with 12 x Fairchild Republic A-10C Thunderbolt II's between February 13[6] and July 31, 2015[7] initially at Spangdahlem Air Base before forward deployed to an Eastern European Air base.[6]
• 442nd Fighter Wing = 303d EFS with 8 x A-10C Thunderbolt II's from August 22, 2015 at Amari.[7]
• 23d Fighter Group = 74th EFS with 12 x A-10C Thunderbolt II's between September 21, 2015[7] and March 18, 2016 at various bases.[8]
• 104th Fighter Wing = 131st EFS with F-15C's between April[9] and September 2016.
• 144th Fighter Wing = 194th EFS with F-15C's and D's from April 2016.[9]
• 122d Fighter Wing = 163d EFS with A-10C Thunderbolt II's until August 2016.[10]
• 442nd Fighter Wing = 303d EFS with A-10C Thunderbolt II's from July 2016.[11]
• 140th Wing = 120th EFS with F-16C between July 2016 and August 2016.[10]
• 48th Fighter Wing = 493d EFS with F-15C's between August and September 2016.[12]
• 144th Fighter Wing = 194th EFS with F-15C's between August and September 2016.[12]
• 125th Fighter Wing = 159th EFS with F-15C's between Unknown and August 2017.[13]
• 159th Fighter Wing = 122d EFS with F-15C's between Unknown and August 2017.[13]
• 180th Fighter Wing = 112th EFS with F-16's from January 2018.[14]
• 301st Fighter Wing = 457th EFS with F-16's from April 2019.[15]

Army

• Task Force Spearhead, 3rd Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment, 1st Air Cavalry Brigade between October 2015 and July 2016
• Combat Aviation Brigade, 10th Mountain Division between February 2017 and November 2017.[16]
• 1st Air Cavalry Brigade between November 2017 and April 2018.
• 4th Combat Aviation Brigade between April 2018 and February 2019.[17]
• Combat Aviation Brigade, 1st Infantry Division, 1st Infantry Division between February[17] and October 2019.[18]
• 3rd Combat Aviation Brigade from October 2019.[18]

Ground

As of January 2017 there are 3,500 troops from the 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 4th Infantry Division, 87 tanks and 144 Bradley fighting vehicles there. They initially gathered first in Poland, before spreading out across seven countries from Estonia to Bulgaria. The brigade is headquartered in Germany.[19] An armored brigade will constantly rotate deployment every nine months. The equipment will be permanently based in Żagań in western Poland alongside a Polish armored division[20] seemingly 34th Armoured Cavalry Brigade, 11th Armoured Cavalry Division. This unit has been replaced by 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division in September 2017.[21] AS of May 2018, the rotational force has changed to 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division.[22] 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division completed their rotation during October 2019 and were replaced by 2nd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division.[23]

Reactions

Czech PM Bohuslav Sobotka (center) speaks with a member of the 2nd Cavalry Regiment during his visit to the convoy in Prague on 31 March 2015.

82% of Czechs approved and supported the US Army-NATO convoy that partook in Operation Dragoon Ride, according to an opinion poll that was conducted by the independent STEM agency in 2015.[24]

A NATO deployment in the early January 2017 was welcomed by Polish officials who described it as a necessary response to Russian military exercises near its border and its military intervention in Ukraine and members of the public as the materiel crossed into south-western Poland from Germany.[25][26][27][28] The same deployment sparked protests in Germany and prompted a critical reaction among the country’s centre-left political parties, but was defended by the country’s ruling Christian Democrat Party (CDU) coalition and German military officials.[29][30] An article about the deployment that was published by the Donbas News International (DNI) agency and its subsequent circulation in the Western conspiracy-theory cybersphere and Russian mediasphere was cited as an example of the creation and spread of fake news.[31] An editorial by the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette cautioned anyone against using the deployment as a domestic political tool.[32]

See also

• Fort Trump

References

1. U.S. European Command. "OPERATION ATLANTIC RESOLVE" (PDF). www.defense.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-05. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
2. Atlantic Resolve builds readiness, increases interoperability and enhances the bonds between ally and partner militaries with multinational training events in Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Romania.
3. "Übung "Atlantic Resolve": US-Armee schickt Schützenpanzer durch östliche Nato-Mitgliedstaaten". SPIEGEL ONLINE. 16 March 2015.
4. "Solidaritätsaktion: Amerikaner starten "Straßenmarsch" durch Osteuropa". SPIEGEL ONLINE. 22 March 2015.
5. AirForces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. June 2015. p. 46.
6. AirForces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. April 2015. p. 10.
7. AirForces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. November 2015. p. 15.
8. "74th EFS completes 'far-reaching' European deployment". USAF. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
9. AirForces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. May 2016. p. 12.
10. AirForces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. October 2016. p. 95.
11. AirForces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. September 2016. p. 30.
12. AirForces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. October 2016. p. 10.
13. AirForces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. October 2017. p. 16.
14. AirForces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. February 2018. p. 14.
15. AirForces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. May 2019. p. 14.
16. "Army taps Fort Hood aviation unit for Europe deployment". Stars and Stripes. March 5, 2019.
17. "1st Combat Aviation Brigade rotation to arrive in Europe". Stars and Stripes. March 5, 2019.
18. AirForces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. December 2019. p. 17.
19. Jon Sharman (7 January 2017). "Biggest shipment of American tanks since the Cold War lands in Germany". The Independent. Howitzers and fighting vehicles will be joined by thousands of infantry troopers...unloaded in German port of Bremerhaven...
20. Gnauck, Gerhard (13 January 2017). "US forces in Poland: Here to stay". DW. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
21. Vandiver, John (13 September 2017). "US New tank brigade arrives in Europe for mission in the east". Stars and Striples. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
22. Morris, Will (22 May 2018). "Fort Hood armored brigade arrives in Europe, ready to roll into Poland". Stars and Striples. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
23. Spc. Joseph Knoch (October 23, 2019) 2/1 CD Convoy Marks the Fifth Iteration 2nd ABCT/1st Cavalry Division from Vlissingen, Netherlands, across Germany to Poland.
24. "Dragouni odjeli. Američané zamávali v Rozvadově a vyrazili domů". Mladá fronta DNES (in Czech). iDNES. 1 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
25. Pearse, Damien. "Poland welcomes 3,500 US troops amid fears over Russia aggression". Sky News. Sky News.
26. MacAskill, Ewen (12 January 2017). "Russia says US troops arriving in Poland pose threat to its security". The Guardian. The Guardian.
27. "US tanks and troops in Poland a threat, Russia says". BBC. BBC. 12 January 2017.
28. Gera, Vanessa (14 January 2017). "'We waited for decades': Polish govt welcomes US troops". AP. AP. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
29. ROGERS, JON (Jan 9, 2017). "'Tanks do not create peace' Germany fumes at huge build-up of tanks at Russian borders". Daily Express. Daily Express.
30. Scally, Derek (Jan 6, 2017). "Nato deployment begins against possible Russian aggression". The Irish Times.
31. Nimmo, Ben. "Three thousand fake tanks". Medium. Medium.
32. "Troop movements: Curious timing for U.S. and NATO border buildup". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. January 10, 2017.

External links

• "Operation Atlantic Resolve". U.S. Department of Defense. The United States is demonstrating its continued commitment to collective security through a series of actions designed to reassure NATO allies and partners of America's dedication to enduring peace and stability in the region in light of the Russian intervention in Ukraine.
• "Atlantic Resolve". United States Army Europe.