Biscay (Basque Parliament constituency)

Biscay (Basque: Bizkaia, Spanish: Vizcaya) is one of the three constituencies (Spanish: circunscripciones) represented in the Basque Parliament, the regional legislature of the Basque Autonomous Community. The constituency currently elects 25 deputies. Its boundaries correspond to those of the Spanish province of Biscay. The electoral system uses the D'Hondt method and a closed-list proportional representation, with a minimum threshold of three percent.

For the Congress of Deputies constituency, see Biscay (Congress of Deputies constituency). For the Senate constituency, see Biscay (Senate constituency).

Biscay
Basque Parliament Electoral Constituency
Location of Biscay within the Basque Country
Province	Biscay
Autonomous community	Basque Country
Population	1,152,651 (2019)[1]
Electorate	950,563 (2020)[2]
Major settlements	Bilbao, Barakaldo, Getxo
Current constituency
Created	1980
Seats	20 (1980–1984) 25 (1984–present)
Member(s)	PNV (12)      EH Bildu (7)      PSE–EE (3)      Podemos (1)      EzAn–IU (1)      PP (1)

Electoral system

The constituency was created as per the Statute of Autonomy for the Basque Country of 1979 and was first contested in the 1980 regional election. The Statute provided for the three provinces in the Basque Country—Álava, Biscay and Gipuzkoa—to be established as multi-member districts in the Basque Parliament, with this regulation being maintained under the 1983 and 1990 regional electoral laws. Each constituency is allocated a fixed number of 25 seats each, to provide for an equal representation of the three provinces in Parliament as required under the regional Statute. The exception was the 1980 election, when this number was 60.[3][4][5]

Voting is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over eighteen, registered in the Basque Country and in full enjoyment of their political rights. Amendments to the electoral law in 2011 required for Basques abroad to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado).[6] Seats are elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with a threshold of three percent of valid votes—which, until 1983 and from 1990 includes blank ballots; also and until a 2000 reform, the threshold was set at five percent—being applied in each constituency. Parties not reaching the threshold are not taken into consideration for seat distribution.[3][4][5] The use of the D'Hondt method may result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[7]

The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call—fifteen before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one-thousandth of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1983; and only the signature of 500 electors from 1983 to 1990—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.[4][5][8][9]

Deputies

Deputies 1980–present
Parliament	Election	Distribution
1st	1980	4 1 1 3 9 1 1
2nd	1984	3 2 6 12 2
3rd	1986	4 3 6 3 8 1
4th	1990	4 2 5 2 10 2
5th	1994	3 2 4 2 10 4
6th	1998	4 1 5 1 9 5
7th	2001	2 1 4 12 6
8th	2005	2 1 6 11 5
9th	2009	1 8 12 4
10th	2012	6 5 11 3
11th	2016	5 4 3 11 2
12th	2020	6 2 3 12 2

Elections

2020 regional election

Summary of the 12 July 2020 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay

Parties and coalitions		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	200,339	42.16	+0.35	12	+1
	Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)	112,619	23.70	+6.24	6	+1
	Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))	64,001	13.47	+1.82	3	±0
	United We Can–United Left (Podemos/Ahal Dugu, Ezker Anitza–IU)	40,453	8.51	–6.24	2	–2
	People's Party+Citizens (PP+Cs)^1	32,248	6.79	–4.79	2	±0
	Vox (Vox)	8,815	1.86	New	0	±0
	Equo Greens–Basque Country Greens (Equo Berdeak–Verdes)	5,533	1.16	New	0	±0
	Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA/ATTKAA)	2,797	0.59	–0.21	0	±0
	Blank Seats (EB/AZ)	1,079	0.23	+0.07	0	±0
	Zero Cuts–The Greens–Municipalists (Recortes Cero–LV–M)	676	0.14	–0.08	0	±0
	For a Fairer World (PUM+J)	613	0.13	New	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Workers of the Basque Country (PCTE/ELAK)	549	0.12	New	0	±0
	Free for the Basque Country (LxE/EaL)	359	0.08	New	0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)	279	0.06	±0.00	0	±0
	Foralist League (LFF)	258	0.05	New	0	±0
Blank ballots		4,524	0.95	+0.34
Total		475,142			25	±0
Valid votes		475,142	99.18	–0.38
Invalid votes		3,916	0.82	+0.38
Votes cast / turnout		479,058	50.40	–10.08
Abstentions		471,506	49.60	+10.08
Registered voters		950,564
Sources[10][11]

2016 regional election

Summary of the 25 September 2016 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay

Parties and coalitions		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	238,581	41.81	+3.87	11	±0
	Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)	99,610	17.46	–3.74	5	–1
	United We Can (Podemos, Ezker Anitza–IU, Equo)^1	84,195	14.75	+11.33	4	+4
	Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))	66,506	11.65	–7.06	3	–2
	People's Party (PP)	55,128	9.66	–2.00	2	–1
	Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)	10,963	1.92	New	0	±0
	Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA/ATTKAA)	4,556	0.80	+0.46	0	±0
	Let's Win the Basque Country: Yes We Can (Ganemos Irabazi)	3,337	0.58	New	0	±0
	Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV)	1,277	0.22	New	0	±0
	Family and Life Party (PFyV)	1,031	0.18	+0.04	0	±0
	Blank Seats (EB/AZ)	903	0.16	–0.76	0	±0
	Basque Communists–Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (EK–PCPE)	466	0.08	+0.01	0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)	351	0.06	–0.03	0	±0
	Welcome (Ongi Etorri)	250	0.04	New	0	±0
Blank ballots		3,484	0.61	–0.65
Total		570,638			25	±0
Valid votes		570,638	99.56	+0.33
Invalid votes		2,495	0.44	–0.33
Votes cast / turnout		573,133	60.48	–3.99
Abstentions		374,503	39.52	+3.99
Registered voters		947,636
Sources[10][12]

2012 regional election

Summary of the 21 October 2012 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay

Parties and coalitions		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/-
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	230,204	37.94	–3.16	11	–1
	Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)^1	128,644	21.20	+14.11	6	+5
	Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))	113,536	18.71	–11.54	5	–3
	People's Party (PP)	70,749	11.66	–2.26	3	–1
	United Left–The Greens: Plural Left (IU–LV)	16,109	2.65	New	0	±0
	Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)	10,855	1.79	–0.07	0	±0
	United Left–Greens (EB–B)	9,817	1.62	–1.79	0	±0
	Blank Seats (EB/AZ)	5,598	0.92	New	0	±0
	Equo Greens–Basque Ecologists (Equo)^2	4,656	0.77	+0.31	0	±0
	Hartos.org (Hartos.org)	2,831	0.47	New	0	±0
	Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA/ATTKAA)	2,052	0.34	+0.08	0	±0
	For a Fairer World (PUM+J)	1,159	0.19	–0.02	0	±0
	Family and Life Party (PFyV)	821	0.14	–0.04	0	±0
	Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI)	778	0.13	–0.03	0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)	555	0.09	+0.02	0	±0
	Basque Communists–Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (EK–PCPE)	442	0.07	New	0	±0
	Communist Unification of Spain (UCE)	307	0.05	New	0	±0
Blank ballots		7,649	1.26	+0.24
Total		606,762			25	±0
Valid votes		606,762	99.23	+6.19
Invalid votes		4,721	0.77	–6.19
Votes cast / turnout		611,483	64.47	–1.87
Abstentions		336,939	35.53	+1.87
Registered voters		948,422
Sources[10][12]

2009 regional election

Summary of the 1 March 2009 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay

Parties and coalitions		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)^1	241,732	41.10	n/a	12	+2
	Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))	177,875	30.25	+7.05	8	+2
	People's Party (PP)	81,837	13.92	–3.55	4	–1
	Aralar (Aralar)	24,639	4.19	+2.63	1	+1
	United Left–Greens (EB–B)	20,080	3.41	–2.10	0	–1
	Basque Solidarity (EA)^1	17,033	2.90	n/a	0	–1
	Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)	10,916	1.86	New	0	±0
	The Greens (B/LV)	2,689	0.46	New	0	±0
	Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA/ZAAAA)	1,504	0.26	–0.02	0	±0
	For a Fairer World (PUM+J)	1,232	0.21	+0.02	0	±0
	Family and Life Party (PFyV)	1,052	0.18	New	0	±0
	Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI)	969	0.16	–0.07	0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)	418	0.07	–0.03	0	±0
	Carlist Party of the Basque Country–Carlist Party (EKA–PC)	151	0.03	±0.00	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Basque Homelands (PCTV/EHAK)	n/a	n/a	–9.99	0	–2
Blank ballots		5,972	1.02	+0.28
Total		588,099			25	±0
Valid votes		588,099	93.04	–6.63
Invalid votes		43,971	6.96	+6.63
Votes cast / turnout		632,070	66.34	–1.57
Abstentions		320,774	33.66	+1.57
Registered voters		952,844
Sources[10][12]

2005 regional election

Summary of the 17 April 2005 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay

Parties and coalitions		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Basque Nationalist Party–Basque Solidarity (PNV–EA)	267,247	40.66	–2.76	11	–1
	Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))	152,459	23.20	+5.14	6	+2
	People's Party (PP)	114,845	17.47	–5.98	5	–1
	Communist Party of the Basque Homelands (PCTV/EHAK)^1	65,623	9.99	+1.99	2	±0
	United Left–Greens (EB–B)^2	36,226	5.51	–0.14	1	±0
	Aralar (Aralar)	10,242	1.56	New	0	±0
	Greens–Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (B–PACMA)	1,865	0.28	New	0	±0
	Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI)	1,499	0.23	New	0	±0
	For a Fairer World (PUM+J)	1,261	0.19	New	0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)	674	0.10	–0.08	0	±0
	Alavese Unity (UA)	216	0.03	New	0	±0
	Carlist Party of the Basque Country–Carlist Party (EKA–PC)	179	0.03	New	0	±0
Blank ballots		4,866	0.74	–0.05
Total		657,202			25	±0
Valid votes		657,202	99.67	+0.08
Invalid votes		2,164	0.33	–0.08
Votes cast / turnout		659,366	67.91	–11.21
Abstentions		311,591	32.09	+11.21
Registered voters		970,957
Sources[10][12]

2001 regional election

Summary of the 13 May 2001 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay

Parties and coalitions		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Basque Nationalist Party–Basque Solidarity (PNV–EA)^1	335,945	43.42	+4.85	12	+2
	People's Party (PP)^2	181,404	23.45	+3.12	6	+1
	Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))	139,684	18.06	–0.21	4	–1
	Basque Citizens (EH)	61,894	8.00	–6.57	2	–2
	United Left (IU/EB)	43,701	5.65	–0.55	1	±0
	Party of the Democratic Karma (PKD)	2,000	0.26	New	0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)	1,361	0.18	–0.09	0	±0
	Workers for Democracy Coalition (TD)	1,017	0.13	New	0	±0
	Freedom (Askatasuna)	257	0.03	New	0	±0
	Carlist Party (EKA/PC)	220	0.03	New	0	±0
Blank ballots		6,145	0.79	–0.60
Total		773,628			25	±0
Valid votes		773,628	99.59	+0.16
Invalid votes		3,180	0.41	–0.16
Votes cast / turnout		776,808	79.12	+15.59
Abstentions		204,995	20.88	–15.59
Registered voters		981,803
Sources[10][12]

1998 regional election

Summary of the 25 October 1998 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay

Parties and coalitions		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	224,542	32.60	–2.51	9	–1
	People's Party (PP)	139,161	20.20	+5.17	5	+1
	Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))	125,834	18.27	+0.89	5	+1
	Basque Citizens (EH)^1	100,377	14.57	+1.18	4	+1
	United Left (IU/EB)	42,714	6.20	–3.85	1	–1
	Basque Solidarity (EA)	41,096	5.97	–1.12	1	–1
	Natural Law Party (PLN/LNA)	2,769	0.40	New	0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)	1,892	0.27	New	0	±0
	Alavese Unity (UA)	913	0.13	–0.13	0	±0
Blank ballots		9,556	1.39	–0.15
Total		688,854			25	±0
Valid votes		688,854	99.43	+0.03
Invalid votes		3,972	0.57	–0.03
Votes cast / turnout		692,781	63.53	+3.16
Abstentions		298,457	36.47	–3.16
Registered voters		991,238
Sources[10][12]

1994 regional election

Summary of the 23 October 1994 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay

Parties and coalitions		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	201,833	35.11	+0.74	10	±0
	Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))^1	99,931	17.38	–9.86	4	–3
	People's Party (PP)	86,398	15.03	+6.41	4	+2
	Popular Unity (HB)	76,988	13.39	–2.83	3	–1
	United Left (IU/EB)	57,765	10.05	+8.34	2	+2
	Basque Solidarity (EA)	40,752	7.09	–0.91	2	±0
	Alavese Unity (UA)	1,489	0.26	+0.23	0	±0
	Coalition for a New Socialist Party (NPS)^2	804	0.14	+0.08	0	±0
Blank ballots		8,865	1.54	+0.88
Total		574,825			25	±0
Valid votes		574,825	99.40	–0.08
Invalid votes		3,496	0.60	+0.08
Votes cast / turnout		578,321	60.37	–0.16
Abstentions		379,691	39.63	+0.16
Registered voters		958,012
Sources[10][12]

1990 regional election

Summary of the 28 October 1990 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay

Parties and coalitions		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	192,903	34.37	+5.56	10	+2
	Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE)	111,920	19.94	–2.54	5	–1
	Popular Unity (HB)	91,047	16.22	+0.27	4	±0
	People's Party (PP)^1	48,405	8.62	+3.48	2	+1
	Basque Solidarity (EA)	44,922	8.00	–3.75	2	–1
	Basque Country Left (EE)	40,983	7.30	–2.91	2	–1
	United Left (IU/EB)	9,609	1.71	+0.92	0	±0
	Socialist Democracy (DS)	3,724	0.66	New	0	±0
	Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)	3,069	0.55	–2.65	0	±0
	The Ecologist Greens (LVE)	2,447	0.44	New	0	±0
	Basque Country Greens (EHB)	2,415	0.43	New	0	±0
	Ruiz-Mateos Group–European Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE)	2,070	0.37	New	0	±0
	Workers' Socialist Party (PST)	1,878	0.32	+0.01	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Basque Country People (PCPE/EHAC)	599	0.11	New	0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)	441	0.08	–0.05	0	±0
	Alliance for the Republic (AxR)^2	347	0.06	–0.05	0	±0
	Revolutionary Communist League–Communist Movement (LKI–EMK)	326	0.06	New	0	±0
	Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l))^3	272	0.05	–0.02	0	±0
	Alavese Unity (UA)	183	0.03	New	0	±0
Blank ballots		3,679	0.66	+0.22
Total		561,239			25	±0
Valid votes		561,239	99.48	–0.03
Invalid votes		2,923	0.52	+0.03
Votes cast / turnout		564,162	60.53	–9.24
Abstentions		367,834	39.47	+9.24
Registered voters		931,996
Sources[10][12]

1986 regional election

Summary of the 30 November 1986 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay

Parties and coalitions		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	183,766	28.81	–14.94	8	–4
	Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE)	143,387	22.48	–0.59	6	±0
	Popular Unity (HB)	101,733	15.95	+3.02	4	+1
	Basque Solidarity (EA)	74,921	11.75	New	3	+3
	Basque Country Left (EE)	65,116	10.21	+2.78	3	+1
	People's Alliance–Liberal Party (AP–PL)^1	32,764	5.14	–4.25	1	–1
	Democratic and Social Centre (CDS)	20,387	3.20	New	0	±0
	United Left (IU/EB)	5,055	0.79	New	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK)	3,895	0.61	–1.16	0	±0
	Workers' Socialist Party (PST)	1,994	0.31	–0.05	0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)	856	0.13	New	0	±0
	Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI)	683	0.11	New	0	±0
	Republican Popular Unity (UPR)^2	414	0.07	–0.06	0	±0
Blank ballots^3		2,798	0.44	±0.00
Total		637,769			25	±0
Valid votes		637,769	99.51	+0.05
Invalid votes		3,169	0.49	–0.05
Votes cast / turnout		640,938	69.77	+1.51
Abstentions		277,747	30.23	–1.51
Registered voters		918,685
Sources[10][12]

1984 regional election

Summary of the 26 February 1984 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay

Parties and coalitions		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	261,911	43.75	+3.78	12	+3
	Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE)	138,093	23.07	+8.64	6	+3
	Popular Unity (HB)	77,407	12.93	–3.42	3	–1
	People's Coalition (AP–PDP–UL)^1	56,207	9.39	+3.62	2	+1
	Basque Country Left (EE)	44,500	7.43	–0.35	2	+1
	Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK)	10,611	1.77	–3.01	0	–1
	Neighborhood Labor (Auzolan)^2	4,357	0.73	–0.88	0	±0
	Workers' Socialist Party (PST)	2,173	0.36	–0.05	0	±0
	Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l))	792	0.13	New	0	±0
	Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD)	n/a	n/a	–6.75	0	–1
Blank ballots^3		2,641	0.44	+0.02
Total		598,692			25	+5
Valid votes		598,692	99.46	+0.54
Invalid votes		3,235	0.54	–0.54
Votes cast / turnout		601,927	68.26	+7.26
Abstentions		279,916	31.74	–7.26
Registered voters		881,843
Sources[10][12]

1980 regional election

Summary of the 9 March 1980 Basque Parliament election results in Biscay

Parties and coalitions		Popular vote			Seats
		Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)	206,051	39.97	n/a	9	n/a
	People's Unity (HB)	84,273	16.35	n/a	4	n/a
	Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE)	74,379	14.43	n/a	3	n/a
	Basque Country Left (EE)	40,085	7.78	n/a	1	n/a
	Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD)	34,781	6.75	n/a	1	n/a
	People's Alliance (AP)	29,747	5.77	n/a	1	n/a
	Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK)	24,660	4.78	n/a	1	n/a
	Communist Movement of the Basque Country (EMK/MCE)	5,654	1.10	n/a	0	n/a
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (historical) (PSOEh)	2,760	0.54	n/a	0	n/a
	Revolutionary Communist League (LKI/LCR)	2,652	0.51	n/a	0	n/a
	Workers' Socialist Party (PST)	2,099	0.41	n/a	0	n/a
	Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)	1,466	0.28	n/a	0	n/a
	Workers' Party of the Basque Country (ORT–PTE)	1,404	0.27	n/a	0	n/a
	Basque Socialists' Unity Force (ESEI)	1,343	0.26	n/a	0	n/a
	Communist Unity (UC)	1,340	0.26	n/a	0	n/a
	Carlist Party (EKA/PC)	684	0.13	n/a	0	n/a
Blank ballots		2,164	0.42	n/a
Total		515,542			20	n/a
Valid votes		515,542	98.92	n/a
Invalid votes		5,652	1.08	n/a
Votes cast / turnout		521,194	61.00	n/a
Abstentions		333,173	39.00	n/a
Registered voters		854,367
Sources[10][12]

References

1. "Cifras oficiales de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal a 1 de enero. Población por provincias y por sexo". ine.es (in Spanish). National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
2. "Elecciones al Parlamento del País Vasco y al Parlamento de Galicia del 12 de julio de 2020" (PDF). www.ine.es (in Spanish). National Institute of Statistics. 22 May 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
3. "Ley Orgánica 3/1979, de 18 de diciembre, de Estatuto de Autonomía para el País Vasco". Organic Law No. 3 of 18 December 1979. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 July 2017.
4. "Ley 28/1983, de 25 de noviembre, de Elecciones al Parlamento Vasco". Law No. 28 of 25 November 1983. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 August 2017.
5. "Ley 5/1990, de 15 de junio, de Elecciones al Parlamento Vasco". Law No. 5 of 15 June 1990. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 July 2017.
6. Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote". cafebabel.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
7. Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
8. "Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales". Royal Decree-Law No. 20 of 18 March 1977. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 December 2019.
9. "Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General". Organic Law No. 5 of 19 June 1985. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 January 2020.
10. "Election Results Archive". euskadi.eus (in Spanish). Basque Government. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
11. "Elecciones País Vasco 2020. Resultados. País Vasco". El País (in Spanish). 12 July 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
12. "Basque Parliament elections since 1980". historiaelectoral.com (in Spanish). Electoral History. Retrieved 24 September 2017.