Sigesbeckia

Sigesbeckia (also Siegesbeckia) is a genus of annual plants in the aster family.[2][3] St. Paul's wort is a common name for some of the species.[4] Sigesbeckia is widely distributed and has been traditionally used for the management of chronic diseases, including arthritis. Based on phytochemical studies, the main chemicals in Sigesbeckia include flavonoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, and sterols. Kaurane-type and pimarane-type diterpenoids, including siegeskaurolic acid, kirenol, and sesquiterpene lactone are the main bio-active molecules in Sigesbeckia.

Sigesbeckia
Sigesbeckia serrata
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Tribe: Millerieae
Genus: Sigesbeckia
L. 1753 not J.G.Gleditsch 1764
Synonyms[1]

Origin

Sigesbeckia is named for a botanist Johann Georg Siegesbeck, who was a strong critic of Carl Linnaeus's botanic classification system. He was known to refer to it as "Loathsome Harlotry" because of the focus of the system upon the presence of (or lack of) sex organs in plants and their locations and groupings.[5] Siegesbeck tried to refute Linnaeus' sexual classification system, but was unable to provide sound scholastic arguments to support his arguments. In Linnaeus' work, Critica Botanica, he proposed that there should be a link between the plant and the botanist after whom it was named. Considering the feud between Sigesbeck and Linnaeus, it is not unsurprising that in the classification book Hortus Cliffortianus, Linnaeus named a pungent weed Siegesbeckia.

Classification

Sigesbeckia is related to a group of South American plants variously known as subtribe Espeletiinae or the Espeletia complex, which include genera such as Axiniphyllum, Espeletia, Polymnia, Smallanthus, Rumfordia, Trigonospermum, and Unxia.[6][7]

Some African Sigesbeckia species were transferred, at least by some authors, to Guizotia.[8]

Species[1]

Traditional medicine

Three species of Sigesbeckia are used in traditional medicine: Sigesbeckia orientalis, Sigesbeckia pubescens, and Sigesbeckia glabracens, although the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, only recognizes two species, with Sigesbeckia pubescens considered a subspecies of Sigesbeckia orientalis. In traditional medicine, the aerial parts of the plant are used to treat rheumatic conditions such as arthritis, joint pain, muscle pain, sciatica. It is also used to treat hypertension. Use of Sigesbeckia as a traditional medicine dates back to 659 AD, when it was first reference in Chinese materia medica. The traditional Chinese medicine is called xi xian cao, and is used to "dispel wind-dampness, to strengthen sinews, and for wind-heat-damp pain obstructions".

Research

Analgesic

Oral administration of Sigesbeckia has been shown to have mild effect at reducing pain when taken orally.[9] Topical application of Sigesbeckia extract has also been shown to have an analgesic effect.[10]

Anti-inflammatory

Sigesbeckia extracts have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, and reduces phase 2 oedema, by inhibiting nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and tumor necrosis factor alpha.[9][10] Sigesbeckia has been shown to act on the NF-κB pathway of inflammation. The transcription factor NF-κB regulates multiple aspects of immune function and is a pivotal mediator of the inflammatory response. Activation of the NF-κB pathway induces the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, including those that encode cytokines and chemokines that propagate the inflammatory response.[11] Sigesbeckia extracts have been shown to inhibit NF-κB in macrophages, white blood cells that are involved in inflammation. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages, Sigesbeckia significantly inhibits nitric oxide (NO), MCP-1, IL-6, iNOS, TNF-α and COX-2 expression.[12][13]

Antioxidant

Sigesbeckia extracts have been shown to have a range of antioxidant activities. Butanolic and aqueous extracts have been shown to inhibit the superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, and inhibit lipid peroxidation.[14]

Cartilage protection

Oral administration of Sigesbeckia extract has been shown to significantly protect joint cartilage in osteoarthritis. Daily use for four weeks showed a dose-dependant improvement in joint stiffness and histological parameters. Sigesbeckia increased the expression of proteoglycan, aggrecan and type-2 collagen, important structural proteins used in the synthesis of articular cartilage. Sigesbeckia also decreased the expression of protease enzymes (ADAMTS and MMPs) that are responsible for the degradation of aggrecan and cartilage.[15] Four weeks of use of Sigesbeckia extract was shown to significantly decrease levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1B and TNF-α in joint fluid, and was able to protect cartilage cells from damage and degradation.[16]

gollark: You can even conveniently do `x = assert(thing)`, because the return value of `assert` there is `thing`.
gollark: Maybe I could make a useful utility library out of the random code I copy between projects a lot, like `map`, `fread`, `fwrite`, `fetch` and all that.
gollark: Also an approximate cross-server TPS measuring thing, although that's something like 5 lines of code and really does not need a library much (unless I add rolling averages and stuff).
gollark: I also have a ridiculously gigantic DEFLATE thing tweaked slightly from jackmacwindows's port of some WoW developer's thing.
gollark: Would adding the LZW library potatOS uses be useful? It's basically a minimal compression thing.

References
  1. Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist Archived 12 November 2014 at Archive.today
  2. "Sigesbeckia L." Digital Flora of Taiwan.
  3. Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 2: 900–901
  4. "Sigesbeckia". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  5. "Carl Linnaeus". Biography of Linnaeus.
  6. Rauscher, J. T. (2002). "Molecular phylogenetics of the Espeletia complex (Asteraceae): evidence from nrDNA ITS sequences on the closest relatives of an Andean adaptive radiation" (free full text). American Journal of Botany. 89 (7): 1074–84. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.7.1074. PMID 21665707.
  7. Panero, Jose L.; Jansen, RK; Clevinger, JA (1999). "Phylogenetic Relationships of Subtribe Ecliptinae (Asteraceae: Heliantheae) Based on Chloroplast DNA Restriction Site Data" (free full text). American Journal of Botany. 86 (3): 413–427. doi:10.2307/2656762. JSTOR 2656762. PMID 10077503.
  8. Bekele, Endashaw; Geleta, Mulatu; Dagne, Kifle; Jones, Abigail L.; Barnes, Ian; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark G. (2007). "Molecular phylogeny of genus Guizotia (Asteraceae) using DNA sequences derived from ITS". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 54 (7): 1419. doi:10.1007/s10722-006-9126-0.
  9. Park, H-J (2006). "Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of a diterpene isolated from the aerial part of Siegesbeckia pubescens". Korean Journal of Plant Research. 19: 660–664.
  10. Wang; et al. (2008). "Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of topical administrations of Siegesbeckia pubescens". Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Science. 21 (2): 89–91.
  11. Liu, Ting; Zhang, Lingyun; Joo, Donghyun; Sun, Shao-Cong (14 July 2017). "NF-κB signaling in inflammation". Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. 2: 17023. doi:10.1038/sigtrans.2017.23. ISSN 2095-9907. PMC 5661633. PMID 29158945.
  12. Kim, Jae Yeon; Lim, Hyo Jin; Ryu, Jae-Ha (15 February 2008). "In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of 3-O-methyl-flavones isolated from Siegesbeckia glabrescens". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 18 (4): 1511–1514. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.12.052. ISSN 1464-3405. PMID 18178435.
  13. Zhong, Zhangfeng; Zhang, Qianru; Tao, Hongxun; Sang, Wei; Cui, Liao; Qiang, Wenan; Cheang, Wai San; Hu, Yuanjia; Yu, Hua; Wang, Yitao (2019). "Anti-inflammatory activities of Sigesbeckia glabrescens Makino: combined in vitro and in silico investigations". Chinese Medicine. 14: 35. doi:10.1186/s13020-019-0260-y. ISSN 1749-8546. PMC 6757439. PMID 31572487.
  14. Su, JD (1986). "Screening for antioxidative activity of crude drugs". Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 50 (1): 199–203.
  15. Huh, Jeong-Eun; Baek, Yong-Hyeon; Lee, Jae-Dong; Choi, Do-Young; Park, Dong-Suk (July 2008). "Therapeutic effect of Siegesbeckia pubescens on cartilage protection in a rabbit collagenase-induced model of osteoarthritis". Journal of Pharmacological Sciences. 107 (3): 317–328. doi:10.1254/jphs.08010fp. ISSN 1347-8613. PMID 18635922.
  16. Gou, LY (2006). "Effect of classic formula, Xi Xian Pill, on IL-1β and TNF-α content in joint fluid and cell morphology of articular cartilage of model rabbits with knee osteoarthritis". China Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology. 19 (6).

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