Wilhelm Johnen

Wilhelm Johnen (9 October 1921 – 7 February 2002) was a German night fighter ace in the Luftwaffe during World War II.

Wilhelm Johnen
Born9 October 1921 (1921-10-09)
Homberg at the Niederrhein, Germany
Died7 February 2002 (2002-02-08) (aged 80)
Überlingen
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service/branch Luftwaffe
Years of service1940–45
RankHauptmann
UnitNJG 1, NJG 5, NJG 6
Commands held8./NJG 6
Battles/warsWorld War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Other workEngineer

Born in 1921 Johnen joined the Luftwaffe in 1939. In 1941 Johnen joined the German night fighter force (Nachtjagd) and participated in the Defence of the Reich campaign. He achieved his first success on 26 March 1942. Johnen became a night fighter ace on 25 June 1943 after achieving his fifth victory. In March 1944 he was appointed as Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) at the rank of Oberleutnant with his victory total at 18.

In April 1944 Johnen was briefly interned in Switzerland when he force-landed in the country. It caused an international incident but he was repatriated with his crew some days later. Wilhelm Johnen was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 29 October 1944 for the destruction of 33 Royal Air Force (RAF) bombers. He ended the war with 34 aerial victories, all of these claims were made at night.

After the war Johnen studied engineering and began a construction business. He died in 2002.

Early life

Wilhelm "Wim" Johnen was born on 9 October 1921 in Homberg, near Duisburg.

World War II

Johnen joined the Luftwaffe and was accepted as a Fahnenjunker (Officer candidate). He began his training at Pardubitz, Czechoslovakia, with Fliegerausbildungsregiment 32. On 1 April 1940 Johnen was promoted to Gefreiter. On 1 June he was promoted to Unteroffizier and he progressed to Fähnrich on 1 September 1940. After infantry training Johnen spent several months practising on single-engine trainers, and qualified for his license on 21 September 1940. On 1 February Johnen was promoted to Oberfähnrich He was subsequently sent to Zeltweg, where C-Schule prepared pilots for operations on multi-engine aircraft. He then received Zerstörer (Destroyer) training on the Messerschmitt Bf 110. By the time of his graduation Johnen was promoted to Leutnant on 1 April 1941. On 18 May 1941 Johnen volunteered for the night fighter arm. After six weeks of blind-flying training, Johnen was transferred to 3 staffel (squadron), Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1—Night Fighter Wing 1), together with his radio/radar operator Gefreiter Albrecht Risop.

Night fighter

The pair flew his first operational mission on 11 July 1941 during which they intercepted a Wellington but failed to shoot it down. Johnen's first victory came on 26 March 1942. Johnen and Risop intercepted a Vickers Wellington northwest of Wesel,[1] it was part of a force of 104 Wellingtons and 11 Short Stirlings that attacked Essen.[2] Johnen's first victory was probably Wellington X3589, KO-F, from No. 115 Squadron RAF. Sergeant Harry Taylor and his crew were killed.[3] On this mission, Johnen and Risop were also shot down in their Messerschmitt Bf 110D-3 (Werknummer 4224—factory number) "G9+FL", killing Risop.[4] Johnen achieved his second victory against another Wellington at 01:00 on 17 June 1942. The victory was recorded with 2. Staffel.[5]

Johnen remained with 2./NJG 1 but did not achieve a success for over a year. Air Marshal Arthur Harris, Air Officer Commanding (AOC) RAF Bomber Command escalated the air war in 1943 and began a concerted effort to destroy the industrial German Ruhr region. From March to July 1943 RAF Bomber Command began the campaign, dubbed the Battle of the Ruhr. On the night of the 21/22 June 1943 Johnen claimed a Handley-Page Halifax at 01:43 east of Rousendaal and a Wellington northwest of Haamstede at 02:33.[6] In the early hours of the 25 June 1943 Johnen claimed another Halifax north of Rosenburg at 01:01. This was Johnen's fifth victory which qualified him as a night fighter ace.[7] On 8 July Johnen was promoted to Oberleutnant.

3./NJG 1 was re-designated 5./NJG 5 (Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 (Night Fighter Wing 5) and formed into I./NJG 5 (I. Gruppe). The organisation was attached to 4. Jagd Division under the command of Rudolf Schoenert. I. III. and IV. Gruppen were formed in February 1943 to complete the Geschwader.[8] With the new unit Johnen achieved his 6th and 7th victory at 01:02 and 01:07 northwest of Berlin. Both RAF bombers were Short Stirlings.[9] The success was achieved against a 710-strong force of bombers. Johnen scrambled with new crew members bordfunker (radar operator) Facius and his bordmechaniker (observer mechanic) Paul Mahle—whose wife lived in Berlin—scrambled to intercept at 23:00. The Berlin anti-aircraft artillery had permission to fire up to 24,000 feet and Johnen was forced to fly through it. Once in the bomber stream. FuG 220 Lichtenstein SN-2 radar failed and the crew were forced to spot the enemy with the naked eye.[10] Johnen achieved his 8th and final victory of the year on 1 September 1943 at 00:58 when he claimed a Lancaster southwest of Berlin.[11]

On 18 November 1943 Harris began his Berlin offensive. Oberleutnant Johnen achieved two victories on the night of the 3 January 1944—matching his most successful night thus far—when he accounted for two Lancasters at 02:56 03:21; both fell southwest of Berlin.[12] On 6 January Johnen claimed a Lancaster near Tutos at 03:27.[13] A solitary claim against a Lancaster on 20 January north northwest of Berlin at 19:36 followed. Johnen filed three claims on the 27 January 1944. A trio of Lancasters were claimed between 20:36 and 21:18 southeast and southwest of Berlin.[14] He achieved this success again on 15 February 1944. At 20:34 southeast of Damgarten Johnen claimed a Lancaster. Another over Kummenerer See at 20:45 and at 21:20 north northwest of Berlin for his 18th victory.[15] Johnen was appointed to the position (not rank) of Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) on 29 March 1944.

Internment

This series of successes led to his promotion as Staffelkapitan (squadron leader) of 8./Nachtjagdgeschwader 6 (Night Fighter Wing 6). In early April 1944 his unit moved to Mainz under the command of I./NJG 6, southwest of Frankfurt.[16] On 28 April 1944 Johnen downed another Halifax at 01:31 southwest of Strasbourg for his 19th victory.[17] It was part of a force of 322 heavy bombers sent to attack Friedrichshafen.[18] As Johnen closed to attack the bomber—Halifax III ND759 R-Robert from No. 35 Squadron RAF flown by Warrant Officer Bob Peter (RAAF)—he was also hit by return-fire.[19] The bomber landed on Lake Constance in Switzerland and all but one of the crew lived to be interned.[19] Two other German night fighter pilots pursued RAF bombers into Swiss airspace that night and both Josef Kraft and Gerhard Friedrich both filed claims, but returned to base.[20]

A Bf 110 G-4 night fighter at the RAF Museum in London.

Johnen was also forced to land his damaged Bf 110G-4, C9+EN (Werknummer—Factory Number 740 055), at Zürich-Dubendorf and was captured by personnel of the Swiss Air Force and was interned.[17] During the chase one of the Daimler-Benz DB 605 engines began losing oil and the coolant temperature soared. Johnen feathered the propeller but flew into a searchlight blinded him. He fired a distress flare but lost his bearings. When the flare was deployed the searchlight was momentarily turned off and Johnen headed for an illuminated airfield.[20]

Johnen and his crew, Oberfeldwebel Mahle and Leutnant Kamprath, were interned by Swiss authorities. The damaged night fighter was equipped with a SN-2 Naxos radar set and Schräge Musik armament. Leutnant Kamprath was also II./NJG 5's signals officer and he had all the latest radio codes which he kept in the aircraft against regulations.[21] Oberfeldwebel Mahle had helped develop the Schräge Musik into series production.[21] The Germans were deeply worried about leaving a sophisticatedly equipped night fighter and these important persons in the hands of a foreign government, even if it was a neutral one. The Gestapo arrested the crew's families until it was discovered to be a genuine error.[21][17] When Adolf Hitler was informed of the incident the next morning he was sure it was treason. Hitler contacted Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler to prepare an operation to destroy the aircraft. Himmler ordered Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Chief of the Reich Main Security Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt, RSHA) to make the necessary preparation. Kaltenbrunner contacted Otto Skorzeny who planned an attack. He arranged an ad-hoc unit at Memmingen and planned to use them to fly into the airbase in a transport from Kampfgeschwader 200 and confiscate or destroy the Bf 110.[22]

Chief of intelligence of the SS(SD) Walter Schellenberg suggested offering the Swiss 12 Messerschmitt Bf 109G-6s and manufacturing rights to them in exchange for the return of the aircraft and the crew. The Swiss had thoroughly examined the Bf 110 but kept this from the Germans. Matters went awry when the German military attaché in Bern heard a rumour that a Luftwaffe officer had already inspected the machine to discover it was false after a check at the Reichsluftwaffenministerium. Hermann Göring, commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe, immediately suspected it was an enemy agent. In the end, it was agreed that 12 Bf 109G-6 fighters would be sold to Switzerland at 500,000 francs each. In return, the Bf 110 would be blown up in front of German eyewitnesses. Operations Officer Hauptmann Brandt of NJG 6 was selected. He examined the aircraft and noticed one of the SN-2 aerials had been removed and replaced. Brandt initially refused to sign the protocol, but eventually relented on the evening of the 18 May 1944. The Bf 109s arrived the next day and Brandt handed the money to Göring personally on 21 May. The engines of the Bf 109s were all write-offs and Messerschmitt and Daimler-Benz had to pay compensation for this oversight six years later.[22]

South Europe

8 staffel moved to Hungary. Since the autumn of 1943, the RAF had been flying minelaying operations over the Danube and using the Balkan Air Force to supply partisan operations in Eastern Europe. The British were also attacking oilfields in Romania and operating over the Carpathian Mountains. A handful of German night fighter units were moved there to defend against these incursions.[23] Johnen achieved his first victory in this area on 26 June 1944 at 00:22 southwest of Lake Balaton for his 20th victory.[24] The identity of this claim was probably Wellington X LN748, E, of No. 142 Squadron RAF which failed to return from an operation to Budapest. Flight Sergeant J. W. Scholefield, J. Thompson, Sergeant G. R. McKnight and D. Nelson were killed in action. Only rear gunner, J. Robertson, RCAF, survived. Johnen personally photographed the wreck of the Wellington.[25] Johnen scored is 21st and 22nd victories at 01:17 and 01:25 south of Fels am Wagram in the early hours of the 7 July 1944.[26] German night fighter pilots claimed 15 bombers shot down over Austria on this night.[26]

Johnen achieved eight victories in August 1944. He claimed a B-25 Mitchell on 11 August 1944 at 02:08 and another at 22:59 on 15 August 1944. A third claim against this type was filed on 21 August at 22:42 brought his tally to 25. At 22:23 the following night Johnen claimed a Halifax south of Sombor. On 26/27 August Johnen claimed a Halifax southeast of Baja at 22:00 and a B-25 at 22:30 in an unknown location. In the evening of 27 August, at 21:50 over Friedrichskoog, Wilhelm Johnen claimed his 29th victory against another Halifax. He achieved his 30th victory on 29 August 1944 at 22:12 north of Mohács. Johnen was the only German night fighter pilot to file a claim this night.[27] One B-24, EW165, from 34 Squadron SAAF was lost; Captain John Frederick Munro and his crew were killed and buried in Budapest.[28] In September 1944, Johnen claimed three victories. On 10 September a Halifax was claimed over Szeged at 23:38. Another followed over southeast of Baja, at Madaras at 21:30 on 13 September. Johnen was the only night fighter pilot in the Luftwaffe to claim on the night of 21/22 September 1944, when he claimed a Halifax west of Senta at 20:32.[29]

With his score now standing at 33, Johnen was promoted Hautpmann and awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 29 October 1944. Johnen was appointed Gruppenkommandeur of III./NJG 6 and NJG 6 relocated to Germany. On the night of the 15/16 March 1945 Johnen shot down his 34th and final bomber, a Lancaster southeast of Würzburg at 02:45.[30]

After the war

After a brief captivity, Johnen settled to Munich and attended university, achieving an engineering degree in construction. He worked for Willi Messerschmitt for a short time, and then started his own company. He also wrote his biography, Duell unter den Sternen—Tatsachenbericht eines deutschen Nachtjägers 1941–1945 (Duel under the Stars—Factual report of a German Night Fighter 1941–1945), one of the first English-written books about the Luftwaffe. Wilhelm Johnen died on 7 February 2002 at Uberlingen, at the age of 81. A new edition of his memoir, published by Greenhill Books, will be released in February 2018 with a new introduction by James Holland. [31]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

Foreman, Parry and Matthews, authors of Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 34 nocturnal victory claims.[32] Matthews and Foreman also published Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, listing Johnen with 33 aerial victories, plus one further unconfirmed claim.[33]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 24 Ost QB-4". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size.[34]

Awards

Publications
  • Duell unter den Sternen—Tatsachenbericht eines deutschen Nachtjägers 1941–1945 [Duel under the Stars—Factual report of a German Night Fighter 1941–1945] (in German). Würzburg, Germany: Flechsig. 2009 [1955]. ISBN 978-3-8035-0003-8.

Notes
  1. According to Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims claimed at 03:16.[33]
  2. According to Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, this claim was unconfirmed while Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945 confirm this claim.[13][33]
  3. According to Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims claimed at 21:17.[33]
  4. Beacon "Skorpion"—In Sombor
  5. According to Obermaier on 20 March 1944.[4]
gollark: Wow, you should implement Macron immediately then.
gollark: Clearly, we need a way to be generic over... zero-argument functions, defaults and actual values, somehow.
gollark: We have `ok_or`, `ok_or_else`, and variants for many other unwrap-type things.
gollark: I was writing some code, and I realized what *else* resulted in lots of duplicated fairly similar things: where a default value comes from.
gollark: No, that's an old idea.

References

Citations
  1. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 36.
  2. Bowman 2016, p. 64.
  3. Bowman 2016, p. 65.
  4. Obermaier 1989, p. 141.
  5. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 46.
  6. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 88.
  7. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 89.
  8. Aders 1978, p. 60.
  9. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 106.
  10. Bowman 2016, p. 201.
  11. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 110.
  12. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 138.
  13. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 139.
  14. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 144.
  15. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 147–148.
  16. Aders 1978, p. 116.
  17. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 171.
  18. Everitt & Middlebrook 2014, p. 295.
  19. Bowman 2016, p. 67.
  20. Aders 1978, p. 159.
  21. Aders 1978, pp. 159–160.
  22. Aders 1978, p. 160.
  23. Aders 1978, p. 119.
  24. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 193.
  25. 142 Squadron Wellington losses
  26. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 198.
  27. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, pp. 208–212.
  28. "B-24, EW165, from 34 Squadron SAAF". The South Africa War Graves Project. 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
  29. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, pp. 215–218.
  30. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 242.
  31. http://www.greenhillbooks.com/news
  32. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, pp. 36–242.
  33. Matthews & Foreman 2015, p. 587.
  34. Planquadrat.
  35. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 142.
  36. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 147.
  37. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 148.
  38. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 208.
  39. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 209.
  40. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 210.
  41. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 212.
  42. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 215.
  43. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 216.
  44. Foreman, Matthews & Parry 2004, p. 218.
  45. Patzwall 2008, p. 111.
  46. Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 212.
  47. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 245.
  48. Scherzer 2007, p. 423.

Bibliography
  • Aders, Gebhard (1978). History of the German Night Fighter Force, 1917–1945. London: Janes Publishing. ISBN 0-354-01247-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Bergström, Christer. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  • Boiten, Theo (1999). Night Air War: Personal recollections of the conflict over Europe, 1939-45. Marlborough: Crowood Press. ISBN 1-86126-298-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Bowman, Martin (2016). German Night Fighters Versus Bomber Command 1943-1945. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-4979-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Chorley, W. R (1998). Royal Air Force Bomber Command Losses of the Second World War: Aircraft and crew losses: 1942. Midland Counties Publications. ISBN 978-0-9045-9789-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Chorley, W. R (1997). Royal Air Force Bomber Command Losses of the Second World War: Aircraft and crew losses: 1944. Midland Counties Publications. ISBN 978-0-9045-9791-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Everitt, Chris; Middlebrook, Martin (2014) [1985]. The Bomber Command War Diaries: An Operational Reference Book. Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-78346360-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000). Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 —– Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Foreman, John; Matthews, Johannes; Parry, Simon (2004). Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939–1945. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-0-9538061-4-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Matthews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 2 G–L. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-19-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg [The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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