Valentín Gómez Farías

Valentín Gómez Farías (Spanish pronunciation: [balenˈtiŋ ˈɡomes faˈɾias]; 14 February 1781 – 5 July 1858) was the President of Mexico during two main periods: one in the early 1830s and one in the late 1840s, when he served as president during the Mexican-American War. In his first term, he enacted significant liberal reforms that were aimed at undermining the power of the Roman Catholic Church and the army in Mexico.[1]

"Gómez Farías" redirects here. For other uses, see Gómez Farías (disambiguation).

This article uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Gómez and the second or maternal family name is Farías.

Valentín Gómez Farías
7th President of Mexico
In office 1 April 1833 – 16 May 1833
Vice President	Himself
Preceded by	Manuel Gómez Pedraza
Succeeded by	Antonio López de Santa Anna
In office 3 June 1833 – 18 June 1833
Vice President	Himself
Preceded by	Antonio López de Santa Anna
Succeeded by	Antonio López de Santa Anna
In office 5 July 1833 – 27 October 1833
Vice President	Himself
Preceded by	Antonio López de Santa Anna
Succeeded by	Antonio López de Santa Anna
In office 16 December 1833 – 24 April 1834
Vice President	Himself
Preceded by	Antonio López de Santa Anna
Succeeded by	Antonio López de Santa Anna
In office 23 December 1846 – 21 March 1847
Vice President	Himself
Preceded by	José Mariano Salas
Succeeded by	Antonio López de Santa Anna
Vice President of Mexico
In office 1 April 1833 – 26 January 1835
Vice President	Himself (3 times) Antonio López de Santa Anna (3 times)
Preceded by	Anastasio Bustamante
Succeeded by	Nicolás Bravo
In office 23 December 1846 – 1 April 1847
Vice President	Himself Antonio López de Santa Anna
Preceded by	Nicolás Bravo
Succeeded by	Ramón Corral
President of the Senate of Mexico
In office 1 January 1825 – 31 January 1825
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Simón de la Garza
Cabinet positions 18th Minister of Finance In office 2 February 1833 – 31 March 1833 President Manuel Gómez Pedraza Preceded by Miguel Ramos Arizpe Succeeded by José María Bocanegra
Personal details
Born	(1781-02-14)14 February 1781 Guadalajara, New Kingdom of Galicia, New Spain (now Jalisco, Mexico)
Died	5 July 1858(1858-07-05) (aged 77) Mexico City, Mexico
Political party	Liberal
Spouse(s)	Isabel López ​ ( m. 1817; died 1858)
Alma mater	Royal University of Guadalajara
Signature

Biography

Valentín Gómez Farías was trained as a medical doctor and was one of the most important liberal politicians figures in early independent Mexico. In the immediate aftermath of Mexican independence in 1821, Gómez Farías had initially supported Agustín de Iturbide as constitutional monarch of Mexico, but withdrew his support when Iturbide abolished the new congress of Mexico. After Iturbide's abdication, Gómez Farías was active in the congress of the Republic of Mexico, established in 1824. He emerged as a leader of the radical liberals (puros) and allied with General Antonio López de Santa Anna.[1] The first presidency of Santa Anna from 1833 to 1836 was a temporary victory for the Mexican Liberals and Gómez Farías; Santa Anna preferred simply holding the title of president rather than actually serving as president. With President Santa Anna residing at his estate in Veracruz and uninterested in administering his government, the actual executive duties fell to Vice-President Gómez Farías, who used this power to sponsor liberal reforms, specifically targeting the army and the Roman Catholic Church. He abolished the special privileges of the Church and army (fueros), which allowed them to be tried in separate courts; secularized education which had been in the hands of the clergy; and sought to undermine the Church's economic power.[1][2][3] Gómez Farías also sought to extend these reforms to the frontier province of Alta California. He promoted legislation to secularize the Franciscan missions there, and in 1833 organized the Híjar-Padrés colony to bolster non-mission settlement. A secondary goal of the colony was to help defend Alta California against perceived Russian colonial ambitions from the trading post at Fort Ross.[4]

Hoping to prevent future coups and to limit the political influence of the Mexican Army, the Gómez Farías administration reduced the size of the military and abolished the fueros (privileges) that excluded military officers from civil trials and laws.

Metro Gómez Farías, Line 1, Mexico City

Following the reform models of the Bourbon monarchs a century earlier, Gómez Farías sought to limit the political and economic privileges of the clergy. Initially, the Goméz Farías administration advised Catholic clerics to limit their sermons to religious concerns and stop intervening in politics. Following this, Farías along with his principal advisors, the moderate Liberal José María Luis Mora and the radical Liberal Lorenzo de Zavala, pressured the Mexican Congress to pass a series of measures. The first of these was to secularize Mexican education. The University of Mexico, its faculty consisting primarily of priests, was closed and reorganized. With these educational reforms, the new secular schools organized by the Goméz Farías administration were central to the education and political views of the following generation of Liberals, including the future president Benito Juárez and the reformer Melchor Ocampo. The administration declared that all clerical appointments within Mexico were to be made by the government of the Republic rather than by the papacy.

Tomb of President Gómez Farías in the Panteón de Dolores of Mexico City

The Goméz Farías government also enacted additional measures in spite of the disagreement of José María Luis Mora. Ideologically, Zavala and Mora differed on several key issues, such as popular political action and the question of Church wealth. The last measures of the Gómez Farías administration, inspired by Lorenzo Zavala, abolished mandatory tithes and seized Church property and funds. The Conservatives, the Church, and the Army quickly responded in the form of the Revolt of the Polkos, calling for the removal of the Liberal government.

With these sweeping reforms, "Santa Anna kept himself informed and cleverly kept his a distance, attending to which way wind was blowing."[5] Conservative opponents to these radical reforms engineered Gómez Farías' ouster and political exile until the turbulence of the 1840s brought him back into the political sphere. Denouncing the Vice-President and his administration, Santa Anna removed the Republic's leaders, a practice he would continue until the 1850s.

Santa Anna formed a new Conservative, Catholic, and Centralist government, forcing Gómez Farías and many of his supporters to flee Mexico for the United States. The new presidency's first actions abolished the Constitution of 1824, rescinded the Liberal reforms enacted by Gómez Farías, and created a new constitution.

Santa Anna wrote to Mexico City saying that he no longer wanted to be president of Mexico, but to use his military experience to fight off the foreign invasion of Mexico. While he dealt with the issues of presidency, Santa Anna was also secretly dealing with representatives from the United States during the Mexican–American War. Gómez Farías stepped in to become president of Mexico during the war, but was overthrown in the midst of the fighting by Santa Anna.

See also

• List of heads of state of Mexico

References

1. Santoni, Pedro. "Valentín Gómez Farías" in Encyclopedia of Mexico. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 600.
2. Hale, Charles A. Liberalism in Mexico in the Age of Mora, 18821-1853. New Haven: Yale University Press 1968, 138-39, 171-75.
3. Hale, Charles A. The Transformation of Liberalism in Late Nineteenth-Century Mexico. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1989, p. 139.
4. Hutchinson, C. Alan (1969). Frontier settlement in Mexican California; the Híjar-Padrés colony and its origins, 1769-1835. New Haven: Yale University Press. OCLC 23067.
5. Krauze, Enrique. Mexico: Biography of Power. New York: HarperCollins 1997, p. 137.

Further reading

• Fowler, Will. "Valentín Gómez Farías: Perceptions of Radicalism in Independent Mexico, 1821-1847". Bulletin of Latin American Research 15:1 (1996).
• Hutchinson, Cecil Allan. Valentín Gómez Farías: La vida de un republicano. Translated by Marco Antonio Silva. Guadalajara, Mexico: Unidad Editorial de la Secretaría General del Gobierno de Jalisco. 1983.
• Mills, Elizabeth. Don Valentín Gómez Farías y el desarrollo de sus ideas políticas. Mexico City: UNAM 1957.
• Santoni, Pedro. Mexicans at Arms: Puro Federalists and the Politics of War, 1845-1848. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University 1996.
• Santoni, Pedro. "Valentín Gómez Farías" in Encyclopedia of Mexico. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 600-01.

External links

• Letters of Valentín Gómez Farías hosted by the Portal to Texas History.
• La adicción al poder. Reelección o No Reelección I

Political offices
Preceded by Manuel Gómez Pedraza	President of Mexico 1 April - 16 May 1833	Succeeded by Antonio López de Santa Anna
Preceded by Antonio López de Santa Anna	President of Mexico 3 June - 18 June 1833
	President of Mexico 5 July - 27 October 1833
	President of Mexico 16 December 1833 – 24 April 1834
Preceded by José Mariano Salas	President of Mexico 23 December 1846 - 21 March 1847