Vacheron Constantin

Vacheron Constantin SA (French pronunciation: ​[vaʃəʁɔ̃ kɔ̃stɑ̃tɛ̃]) is a Swiss luxury watch and clock manufacturer founded in 1755.[1][2] Since 1996, it has been a subsidiary of the Swiss Richemont Group.[3] Vacheron Constantin is one of the oldest watch manufacturers in the world with an uninterrupted watchmaking history since its founding.[1][4] It employs around 1,200 people worldwide as of 2018, most of whom are based in the company's manufacturing plants in Canton of Geneva and Vallée de Joux in Switzerland.[5]

Vacheron Constantin SA
Subsidiary
IndustryLuxury watchmaking
Founded1755
1819 (Vacheron & Constantin)
FounderJean-Marc Vacheron
HeadquartersPlan-les-Ouates, Canton of Geneva, Switzerland
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Louis Ferla (CEO)
ProductsWatches, clocks
Production output
Around 20,000 (2018)
Number of employees
Around 1,200 (2018)
ParentRichemont
Websitewww.vacheron-constantin.com

Vacheron Constantin is a highly regarded watch manufacturer.[5][6][7][8][9] Over the years, notable Vacheron Constantin patrons and timepieces owners include Queen Elizabeth II, Alexander I of Yugoslavia, Pope Pius XI, Napoléon Bonaparte, Marlon Brando, William James, John D. Rockefeller, Diana Princess of Wales, Harry S. Truman, and the Wright brothers.[10][11][12][13][14] The Vacheron Constantin pocket watch No. 402833 (1929), which was owned by King Fuad I of Egypt, ranks as one of the most expensive watches ever sold at auction, fetching US$2.77 million (3,306,250 CHF) in Geneva on April 3, 2005.[15][16] In 2015, Vacheron Constantin introduced the pocket watch Reference 57260, which currently holds the title of the most complicated mechanical watch ever made, with 57 horological complications.[17][18]

History

Early history
François Constantin

Vacheron Constantin was founded in 1755 by Jean-Marc Vacheron, an independent watchmaker in Geneva, Switzerland.[1][19][20] He was a close friend of leading Enlightenment philosophers Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Voltaire due to their common interests in philosophy, science and watchmaking.[21][22][23] In 1770, Vacheron's company created the world's first horological complication, and nine years later he designed the first engine-turned dials. The son of Jean-Marc Vacheron, Abraham Vacheron, took over the family business in 1785.[20] During this period, the company was able to survive the French Revolution (1789–1799). In 1810, Jacques-Barthélemy Vacheron, the grandson of the founder, became the head of the company.[1][24] He was the first to initiate the company's exports to France and Italy.

Later, Jacques-Barthélemy realized that he was not able to handle the business alone. In order to travel overseas and sell the company's products, he needed a partner. Consequently, in 1819, François Constantin became an associate of Vacheron.[1] The company continued its activities under new name Vacheron & Constantin. The company's motto (which remains today), "Faire mieux si possible, ce qui est toujours possible (Do better if possible and that is always possible)", first appeared in Constantin's letter to Jacques-Barthélémy.[25] The letter was dated July 5, 1819.[24]

François Constantin traveled around the world and marketed watches. The main market at the time was North America.[1] In 1833, Vacheron and Constantin hired Georges-Auguste Leschot, whose job was to supervise the manufacturing operations. In particular, Leschot was an inventor and his creations turned out to a success for the company. His inventions had significant impact on the watchmaking industry in general, and he was the first person to standardize watch movements into Calibers. In 1844, Georges-Auguste Leschot was awarded with a gold medal from the Arts Society of Geneva, which highly appreciated Leschot's pantographic device - a device that was able to mechanically engrave small watch parts and dials.[25]

Re-organization
Advertisement from 1896 promoting their observatory trial results

After François Constantin's death in 1854 and Jacques-Barthélemy Vacheron's death in 1863, the company was taken over by a series of heirs. At one point, the company was headed by two women. In 1862, Vacheron Constantin became a member of the Association for Research into non-magnetic materials.

In 1877, Vacheron & Constantin, Fabricants, Geneve became the official name of the company.[26] In 1880, the company started using the Maltese cross as its symbol until today.[1] This was inspired by a component of the barrel, which had a cross-shape and was used for limiting the tension within the mainspring.

In 1887, Vacheron & Constantin was reorganized into a joint-stock company.[27] Notably, in the same year, Fabergé's 1887 Third Imperial Egg contained a Vacheron Constantin Lady's watch as the surprise. For the remarkable achievements of the company, Vacheron & Constantin was awarded a gold medal at the Swiss National Exhibition in Geneva in 1887.[28] The first Vacheron & Constantin boutique in Geneva was opened in 1906.

During the Great Depression, Vacheron & Constantin found itself in a difficult situation.[25] In 1936, Charles Constantin became the head of the company, the first time since 1850s that a representative from the Constantin family became the president of Vacheron & Constantin. However, in 1940, Georges Ketterer acquired the majority portion of the stock of Vacheron & Constantin from Charles Constantin.[29]

Recent development

George Ketterer died in 1969, and his son, Jacques Ketterer, succeeded as the head of Vacheron & Constantin. In 1970, the company officially changed its name to Vacheron Constantin.[29]

Vacheron Constantin was affected by the quartz crisis during 1970s and 1980s.[30] When Jacques Ketterer died in 1987, Vacheron Constantin changed hands. Sheik Ahmed Zaki Yamani, the former Oil Minister of Saudi Arabia and avid watch collector, became the company's majority shareholder, who then folded Vacheron Constantin into his personal portfolio of holdings.[31] In 1996, the entire share capital of Vacheron Constantin was bought by the Swiss Richemont Group.[3][32]

In 2004, Vacheron Constantin opened its new headquarters and manufacture in Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva.[33] The Vacheron Constantin headquarters building in Geneva was designed by Bernard Tschumi, and has been noted for its architectural significance.[34][35][36][37] In October 2005, the Richemont Group named Juan Carlos Torres as the chief executive officer of the company.[38] Currently, the company is an active member of the Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry FH, and produces about 20,000 timepieces per year.[39][40][41]

Motto and slogan

The company motto of Vacheron Constantin is "Faire mieux si possible, ce qui est toujours possible (Do better if possible, and that is always possible)".[25][42][43] The motto first appeared in a François Constantin's letter to Jacques-Barthélémy, and the letter was dated July 5, 1819.[25][42]

Watch manufacturing
A Vacheron Constantin pocket watch in Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Notable inventions and patents

The following are some of the notable achievements of Vacheron Constantin in watch manufacturing.

  • In 1790, created the world's first watch complication.[1]
  • In 1824, created a jumping-hour watch.[1]
  • In 1885, created the first nonmagnetic timepiece which included a complete lever assortment made of materials able to withstand magnetic fields. Its construction included a balance wheel, balance spring and lever shaft that were made of palladium, the lever arms—in bronze and the escape wheel was in gold.
  • In 1901, received the first Geneva Seal (Hallmark of Geneva) for its timepieces.[1]
  • In 1929, created a "Grande Complication" pocket watch, No. 402833, for King Fuad I of Egypt.[1][44]
  • In 1955, produced the world's thinnest manual-winding movement, the Calibre 1003.[1]
  • In 1992, created the world's thinnest minute repeater, the Calibre 1755.[1]
  • In 2015, created Reference 57260, the most complicated mechanical watch/pocket watch ever made, with 57 complications.[17][18]

Environmental rating
Top 5 gold producing nations

In December 2018, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) released an official report giving environmental ratings for 15 major watch manufacturers and jewelers in Switzerland.[45][46] Vacheron Constantin, along with 3 other manufacturers including Jaeger-LeCoultre and Cartier, was given an average environmental rating as "Upper Midfield", suggesting that the manufacturer has taken first actions addressing the impact of its manufacturing activities on the environment and climate change.[45]

In jewelry and watchmaking industry, there are general concerns over the lack of transparency in manufacturing activities and the sourcing of precious raw materials such as gold, which is a major cause of environmental issues such as pollution, soil degradation and deforestation.[45][46] The situation is especially serious in the developing countries which are top producers of gold, including China, Russia and South Africa.[47][48][49][50] It is estimated that the watch and jewelry sector uses over 50% of world's annual gold production (over 2,000 tons), but in most cases the watch companies are not able to or are unwilling to demonstrate where their raw materials come from and if the material suppliers use eco-friendly sourcing technologies.[45]

Notable models

Most expensive pieces
A Vacheron Constantin pocket watch in Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Main article: List of most expensive watches sold at auction
  • In 1979, Vacheron Constantin made Kallista, one of the most expensive wristwatches in the world. Its initial price was $5 million, but in 2016 the watch was valued at about $11 million.[51] Kallista had 118 emerald-cut diamonds. It took about 6,000 hours for the watch masters to make this watch and about 20 months for jewelers to enrich the watch.[52]
  • On April 3, 2005, the Vacheron Constantin pocket watch Ref. 402833 (1929), which was owned by King Fuad I of Egypt, fetched a final price of 2.77 million US dollars (3,306,250 CHF) in Antiquorum's Geneva auction.[15][16][44]
  • On April 3, 2005, a Vacheron Constantin mysterious clock was auctioned by Antiquorum for 1.83 million US dollars (2,206,250 CHF) in Geneva.[53]
  • On April 3, 2005, a Vacheron Constantin wristwatch Tour de I'lle fetched 1.56 million US dollars (1,876,250 CHF) in Antiquorum's Geneva auction.[54][55]
  • On June 15, 2011, a Vacheron Constantin minute repeater pocket watch (1918), which was owned by James Ward Packard, was auctioned for 1.76 million US dollars in Christie's New York auction.[56]

Overseas wristwatch

In 1996, Vacheron Constantin formally introduced a new high-end sports line called Overseas.[57][58] The precursor of Overseas collection, however, was originally introduced in 1977 during the quartz crisis.[58][59] The precursor was the wristwatch Ref. 222, which was designed by a 23-year-old designer named Jorg Hysek.[58][59][60]

The original version of Overseas was revamped in 2004, and was re-invented again in 2016.[61] Some of the Overseas wristwatches also come with complications such as chronograph, World Time, tourbillon, moon phase, and so on.[60][61]

Patrimony wristwatch
A Vacheron Constantin Patrimony wristwatch

The Patrimony wristwatch is a flagship watch model of Vacheron Constantin.[62][63] The collection was introduced in 2004, and is known for its simple and elegant design as well as its ultra-thin case.[64] The designer was inspired by some of the company's watch models back in 1950s.[63][65]

In 2009, Vacheron Constantin decided to integrate the minute repeating complication into some of the Patrimony wristwatches, and the end product was the Patrimony Calibre 1731, the world's thinnest minute repeater.[1][66] The current Patrimony collection also includes some other complications such as perpetual calendars, moon phase indicators, and so on.[63][64]

Métiers d'Art wristwatch

In 2007, Vacheron Constantin introduced the Métiers d'Art 'Les Masques' collection of timepieces featuring miniature reproductions of primitive art masks.[67] The company selected twelve masks from a private museum collection and reproduced the masks on a small scale. The miniaturized masks are featured in the dial centre of every watch from the 'Les Masques' collection.[68]

in 2012, Vacheron Constantin introduced the Métiers d'Art 'Les Univers Infinis' collection of timepieces featuring tessellation, a design of interlocking identical shapes, inspired by the work of Dutch artist Maurits Cornelis Escher.

250th anniversary edition
Main article: Tour de I'lle

In 2005, Vacheron Constantin created the wristwatch "Tour de I'lle" to mark the anniversary of 250 years of Vacheron Constantin.[69] The watch includes 834 parts and 16 horological complications, including tourbillon, minute repeater, moon phase as well as moon age, and took over 10,000 hours of research and development.[54][69]

The Tour de l'lle wristwatch is one of the most complicated wristwatches in the world.[54] In total, only seven pieces were manufactured, each of which had a sale price over US$1 million.[70] On April 3, 2005, a Tour de I'lle wristwatch fetched a final price of 1.56 million US dollars (1,876,250 CHF) in Antiquorum's Geneva auction.[54][55] The auctioned piece has a unique black dial.

A Vacheron Constantin pocket watch (1901)

260th anniversary edition
Main article: Reference 57260

In 2015, during the manufacturer's 260th anniversary, Vacheron Constantin revealed the world's most complicated mechanical watch, named Reference 57260. The pocket watch took three watchmakers eight years to build the 57-complication pocket watch at the request of a client. Vacheron Constantin would not disclose the exact price of this watch but did confirm that it was between 8 million and 20 million US dollars.[71]

The Reference 57260 is part of Vacheron Constantin's lineage of tailor-made grand complicated pocket watches since James W. Packard's pocket watch (1918), which was auctioned for US$1.763 million by Christie's in New York on June 15, 2011.[72][73] In addition, the Vacheron Constantin pocket watch Ref. 402833 (1929), which was tailored for King Fuad I of Egypt, ranks as one of the most expensive watches ever sold at auction, fetching US$2.77 million (3,306,250 CHF) in Geneva on April 3, 2005.[15][16] In 1946, Vacheron Constantin tailored a complicated pocket watch for King Farouk of Egypt, the successor of King Fuad I, and in 1948 the company tailored another one for Count Guy de Boisrouvray of France.[74][75]

Notable patrons and owners

Artists
A Vacheron Constantin pocket watch in Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Entrepreneurs

Intellectuals

Politicians
A Vacheron Constantin pocket watch in Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Royalty
gollark: Google makes lots of money.
gollark: I mean, it's Google's whole business.
gollark: Then why do they do it?
gollark: Using your *accounts* for evil? Probably not. They just sell your data for advertising targeting and whatnot, mostly.
gollark: I mean, if you give data to Microsoft, they can arbitrarily sell it for money too...

See also

References
  1. "Birth of the Vacheron Constantin Manufacture of Haute Horlogerie - Vacheron Constantin". heritage.vacheron-constantin.com. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  2. "Company Overview of Vacheron & Constantin SA". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  3. "Compagnie Financière Richemont SA - Juan-Carlos Torres to succeed Claude-Daniel Proellochs as Chief Executive of Vacheron Constantin". www.richemont.com. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  4. "260 Years of Excellence (Paid Post by vacheron from NYTimes.com)". The New York Times. 1 October 2018. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  5. Gomelsky, Victoria (16 November 2016). "Brand Awareness is the Goal at Vacheron Constantin". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  6. "5 reasons collectors love Vacheron Constantin | Christie's". www.christies.com. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  7. PORTER, MR. "Introducing Vacheron Constantin". Introducing Vacheron Constantin | About Time | The Journal | Issue 387 | 05 September 2018 | MR PORTER. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  8. "Vacheron Constantin - Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie". www.hautehorlogerie.org. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  9. "In The Shop: The Vacheron Constantin Historiques Collection". HODINKEE Shop. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  10. Seymour, Alan (22 September 2017). "The Royal Treatment". Revolution. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  11. Inc, M. Shanken Communications. "Father Time: Swiss Watches". Cigar Aficionado. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  12. SEYMOUR, ALAN. "Six Decades of Watchmaking Excellence". Sotheby's.
  13. "World's oldest watchmaker opens boutique in Beirut". Executive Life. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  14. "5 reasons collectors love Vacheron Constantin | Christie's". www.christies.com. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  15. "King Fouad Vacheron & Constantin, Genève, No. 402833, case No. 251058". catalog.antiquorum.swiss. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  16. "The 24 Most Expensive Watches Ever Sold At Auction". Business Insider. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  17. "Vacheron Constantin reference 57260 - the most complicated watch". reference57260.vacheron-constantin.com. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  18. "Hands-On: The Vacheron Constantin 57260, The Most Complicated Watch In The World (Exclusive Live Photos, Thoughts) - HODINKEE". HODINKEE. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  19. Nancy Wolfson. "Cigar Aficionado March/April 1998, With 243 Years of Experience, Swiss Watchmaker Vacheron Constantin Continues to Push the Horology Envelope".
  20. Jean-Marc Vacheron: 1731 – 1805, Suisse, Le Point
  21. swissinfo.ch, S. W. I.; Corporation, a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting. "Vacheron Constantin ticks over 250 years". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  22. "Opening of "Treasures of Vacheron Constantin - A Legacy of Watchmaking since 1755" Exhinibition" (PDF). National University of Singapore. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  23. "Vacheron Constantin honors Jean-Jacques Rousseau". Chronos Plus. 4 October 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2019.
  24. "History - Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie". www.hautehorlogerie.org. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  25. "History - Fondation de la Haute Horlogerie". www.hautehorlogerie.org. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  26. "Why Vacheron Constantin Has Earned Their Spot in the Holy Trinity". www.shreve.com. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  27. "EWC: History of Vacheron Constantin". www.europeanwatch.com. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  28. "EWC: History of Vacheron Constantin". www.europeanwatch.com. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
  29. "EWC: History of Vacheron Constantin". www.europeanwatch.com. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  30. Green, Dennis (15 February 2017). "This Swiss watchmaker is trying to win millennials by selling $45,000 watches online". Business Insider. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  31. "YAMANI IS HANDED A DEFEAT IN BID FOR SWISS WATCH FIRM". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  32. "How Richemont Plans to Survive in a Changing 21st Century Marketplace". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  33. "Vacheron Constantin / Bernard Tschumi Architects". 14 September 2016.
  34. 1001 Buildings You Must See Before You Die, Quintessence Books, 2007, p 843
  35. "Vacheron Constantin / Bernard Tschumi Architects". 14 September 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  36. Mun-Delsalle, Y-Jean. "Bernard Tschumi's Architecture Is Not Just About Space And Form But Also The Events Happening Inside". Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  37. "Bernard Tschumi Architects | - Vacheron Constantin Headquarters and Manufacturing Center | the Plan".
  38. "Juan-Carlos Torres". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  39. "Watch brands". Federation of the swiss watch industry.
  40. "Vacheron Constantin". chronohunter.com. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  41. Swithinbank, Robin (20 March 2019). "Vacheron Constantin and 'The Human Touch'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  42. "Do better if possible, and that is always possible". Vacheron Constantin. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  43. "260 Years of Excellence (Paid Post by vacheron from NYTimes.com)". The New York Times. 1 October 2018. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  44. "Vacheron Constantin reference 57260 - the most complicated watch". reference57260.vacheron-constantin.com. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  45. "Environmental rating and industry report 2018" (PDF). World Wide Fund for Nature. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  46. swissinfo.ch, S. W. I.; Corporation, a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting. "Swiss luxury watches fail to meet environmental standards". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  47. Vidal, John; Guest, graphic by Pete (15 August 2015). "How developing countries are paying a high price for the global mineral boom". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  48. "China needs to get to grips with its gold mining pollution crisis". www.chinadialogue.net. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  49. Einhorn, Dom (9 February 2015). "Mining in Russia: An economic boost or an environmental threat?". Born2Invest. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  50. "South Africa has failed to protect locals from gold mine pollution: Harvard report". MINING.com. 12 October 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  51. Berman, Nat (20 June 2016). "10 of the Finest Vacheron Watches of All-Time". Money Inc. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  52. "10 of the Finest Vacheron Watches of All-Time". 20 June 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  53. "As a mysterious clock, L'sEsprit des Cabinotiers' sums up all that the Manufacture has offered over a quar-ter of a millennium, and indeed continues to offer at the most demanding and most accomplished level of haute horlogerie and artistic craftsmanship". catalog.antiquorum.swiss. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  54. "Tour de I'lle Antiquorum Vacheron Constantin". catalog.antiquorum.swiss. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  55. www.ourivesariaportuguesa.info. Important Modern & Vintage Timepieces - April 2012.
  56. "VACHERON CONSTANTIN (MOVEMENT NO, 375551, CASE NO. 231922, MADE FOR JAMES WARD PACKARD IN 1918)". Retrieved 2 December 2018.
  57. byCaleb, Written; erson (12 March 2017). "Vintage Eye for the Modern Guy: Vacheron Constantin Overseas". WatchTime - USA's No.1 Watch Magazine. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  58. "Technical and aesthetic daring, the specialty of Vacheron Constantin. - Vacheron Constantin". heritage.vacheron-constantin.com. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  59. "The History of the Vacheron Constantin Overseas – The Other 1970s Icon". Monochrome Watches. 1 November 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  60. February 17, Arthur Touchot; 2016. "Hands-On: The Vacheron Constantin Overseas Chronograph, Now With The Geneva Hallmark And In-House Caliber 5200". HODINKEE. Retrieved 5 January 2019.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  61. "Overseas". Vacheron Constantin. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  62. Adams, Ariel. ""Patrimony" Answers All Your Questions About Swiss Watch Making". Forbes. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  63. "3 Flagship Models from Ultra-Luxury Watchmakers | The Loupe, TrueFacet". 13 January 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  64. "EWC: History of Vacheron Constantin". www.europeanwatch.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  65. "Patrimony". Vacheron Constantin. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  66. byWatchTime, Written (28 March 2015). "A Watch of Note: The Inside Story of the Vacheron Constantin Patrimony Contemporaine Calibre 1731". WatchTime - USA's No.1 Watch Magazine. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  67. "Innovation and tradition for the fine watchmaking of tomorrow. - Vacheron Constantin". heritage.vacheron-constantin.com. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  68. "Vacheron Constantin Metiers d'Art 'Les Masques'".
  69. "Vacheron Constantin Tour De I'lle". Totalprestige Magazine. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  70. "Top Luxury Watches: Vacheron Constantin Tour de I'lle". www.millionairematch.com. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  71. "The World's Most Complicated Watch with 57 Complications". monochrome-watches.com. 17 September 2015 – via monochromewatches.com.
  72. "Vacheron Constantin reference 57260 - the most complicated watch". reference57260.vacheron-constantin.com. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  73. "VACHERON CONSTANTIN (MOVEMENT NO, 375551, CASE NO. 231922, MADE FOR JAMES WARD PACKARD IN 1918)". www.christies.com. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  74. "Vacheron Constantin reference 57260 - the most complicated watch". reference57260.vacheron-constantin.com. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  75. "Vacheron Constantin reference 57260 - the most complicated watch". reference57260.vacheron-constantin.com. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  76. "Vacheron Constantin Announces its first US Boutique, now open in New York". Vacheron Constantin. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  77. Maillard, By Pierre. "Interview with Laurent Perves, Vacheron Constantin". www.europastar.com. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  78. "Marlon Brando's Wristwatch Vacheron Constantin, Genève, No. 517490, case No. 342507, Ref. 4877". catalog.antiquorum.swiss. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  79. December 5, Kate Winick; 2011. "In-Depth: A Look At The Wristwatches Of Elizabeth Taylor". HODINKEE. Retrieved 12 February 2019.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  80. "Vacheron Constantin - First Boutique In New York". Federation of the Swiss watch industry FH.
  81. Constantin, Vacheron (11 February 2013). "Vacheron Constantin Opens New Boutique on Legendary Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills, California". Vacheron Constantin. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
  82. "Vacheron Constantin (REF. 6486, MOVEMENT NO. 605'811, CASE NO. 441'930, MANUFACTURED IN 1969)". www.christies.com. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  83. "Vacheron Constantin unveils " The AMERICAN HERITAGE of Vacheron Constantin" an interactive online event, the first of its kind". Vacheron Constantin. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  84. "AMERICAN HERITAGE: VACHERON CONSTANTIN HISTORIQUES AMERICAN 1921 BOUTIQUE NEW YORK". Haute Living. 21 September 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  85. "Vacheron Constantin (A HISTORICAL YELLOW GOLD OPEN FACED KEYLESS WATCH ACCOMPANIED WITH GOLD MEDAL MVT 680713 CASE 368773 CIRCA 1955)". Sotheby's.
  86. Johnson, Robert. "The 10 Most Expensive Watches You Can Buy Right Now". Business Insider. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  87. "In the history of the most cattle people wear what watch". www.bestchinanews.com. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  88. "少年足迹：浓缩一生　传奇岁月(图)-搜狐新闻中心". news.sohu.com. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  89. The archives of the Mannerheim Museum, Helsinki, Finland. October 2018.
  90. February 17, Eric Wind; 2014. "Historical Perspectives: Your Complete Guide To The Watches Of United States Presidents (Updated Yet Again)". HODINKEE. Retrieved 22 December 2018.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  91. "Vacheron & Constantin, Geneve, No. 513268, case No. 343124, Ref. 6032, made in 1955". catalog.antiquorum.swiss. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  92. Foreman, Katya. "Silvio Berlusconi: Behind the bandana". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  93. Williams, Alex (31 October 2014). "The Political Power Watch Stops Ticking". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  94. "Vacheron Constantin reference 57260 - the most complicated watch". reference57260.vacheron-constantin.com. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  95. "Vacheron Constantin. A Rare and Historically Important 18k Gold Single Button Chronograph Wristwatch Originally Owned by Alexander I, King of Yugoslavia". Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  96. "Lost Fabergé Easter egg on show for first time in 112 years". Reuters. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  97. "Brand Focus: Vacheron Constantin". www.watchfinder.com. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  98. "VACHERON ET CONSTANTIN HISTORY". secondtimeround.com. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  99. "George V Royal Presentation, Aviator's Chronograph (Vacheron & Constantin)". catalog.antiquorum.swiss. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
  100. "Diana, Princess of Wales: Jewelry". www.dianapow.com. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  101. "Lady Kalla Vacheron Constantin, Genève, No. 563734, case No.509755. Ref. 17701". catalog.antiquorum.swiss. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.