Tsade

Tsade (also spelled Ṣade, Ṣādē, Ṣaddi, Ṣad, Tzadi, Sadhe, Tzaddik) is the eighteenth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Ṣādē , Hebrew Ṣādi צ, Aramaic Ṣāḏē , Syriac Ṣāḏē ܨ, Ge'ez Ṣädäy ጸ, and Arabic Ṣād ص. Its oldest sound value is probably /sˤ/, although there is a variety of pronunciation in different modern Semitic languages and their dialects. It represents the coalescence of three Proto-Semitic "emphatic consonants" in Canaanite. Arabic, which kept the phonemes separate, introduced variants of ṣād and ṭāʾ to express the three (see ḍād, ẓāʾ). In Aramaic, these emphatic consonants coalesced instead with ʿayin and ṭēt, respectively, thus Hebrew ereṣ ארץ (earth) is araʿ ארע in Aramaic.

Tsadhe
Phonemic representationsˤ (t͡s)
Position in alphabet18
Numerical value90
Alphabetic derivatives of the Phoenician

The Phoenician letter is continued in the Greek San (Ϻ) and possibly Sampi (Ϡ), and in Etruscan 𐌑 Ś. It may have inspired the form of the letter Tse in the Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabets.

The corresponding letter of the Ugaritic alphabet is 𐎕 ṣade.

The letter is named "tsadek" in Yiddish,[1] and Hebrew speakers often give it a similar name as well. This name for the letter probably originated from a fast recitation of the alphabet (i.e., "tsadi, qoph" → "tsadiq, qoph"), influenced by the Hebrew word tzadik, meaning "righteous person".[2]

Origins

The origin of ṣade is unclear. It may have come from a Proto-Sinaitic script based on a pictogram of a plant, perhaps a papyrus plant, or a fish hook (in Modern Hebrew, צד tsad means "[he] hunt[ed]", and in Arabic صاد ṣād means "[he] hunted").

Hebrew tsadi
Orthographic variants
position
in
word		 Various print fonts Modern Cursive
Hebrew		 Rashi
script
SerifSans-serifMonospaced
non-final צ צ צ
final ץ ץ ץ

Hebrew spelling: צָדִי or צָדֵי.

Name

In Hebrew, the letter's name is Tsadi or Ṣadi, depending on whether the letter is transliterated as Modern Israeli "ts" or Tiberian "ṣ".

Variations

Ṣadi, like Kaph, Mem, Pe, and Nun, has a final form, used at the end of words. Its shape changes from צ‎ to ץ‎.

Pronunciation

In Modern Hebrew, צ tsade represents a voiceless alveolar affricate /t͡s/. This is the same in Yiddish. Historically, it likely represented a pharyngealized /t͡sˤ/; which became [t͡s] in Ashkenazi pronunciation. A geresh can also be placed after tsade (צ׳ ; ץ׳‎), giving it the sound [t͡ʃ], e.g. צִ׳יפְּס‎ chips.

Ṣade appears as [sˤ] amongst Yemenite Jews and other Jews from the Middle East; the loss of affricatisation is likely due to influence from Arabic.

Some Sephardi Jews pronounce צ like a regular s.

Significance

In gematria, Ṣadi represents the number 90. Its final form represents 900, but this is rarely used, Taw, Taw, and Qof (400+400+100) being used instead.

As an abbreviation, it stands for ṣafon, North.

Ṣadi is also one of the seven letters that receive a special crown (called tagin) when written in a Sefer Torah. See Shin, ‘Ayin, Ṭet, Nun, Zayin, and Gimmel.

Arabic ṣād
See also: the derived letter and ض (ḍād).

The letter is named ṣād  and in Modern Standard Arabic is pronounced /sˤ/.

It is written in several ways depending in its position in the word:

Position in word: Isolated Final Medial Initial
Glyph form:
(Help)		 ص‎ ـص‎ ـصـ‎ صـ‎

Surah Ṣād of the Quran is named forth letter, which begins the surah.

The phoneme is not native to Persian, Ottoman Turkish, or Urdu, and its pronunciation in Arabic loanwords in those languages is not distinguishable from س or ث, all of which are pronounced [s].

Character encodings
Character information
Previewצץصܨࠑ
Unicode nameHEBREW LETTER TSADIHEBREW LETTER FINAL TSADIARABIC LETTER SADSYRIAC LETTER SADHESAMARITAN LETTER TSAADIY
Encodingsdecimalhexdecimalhexdecimalhexdecimalhexdecimalhex
Unicode1510U+05E61509U+05E51589U+06351832U+07282065U+0811
UTF-8215 166D7 A6215 165D7 A5216 181D8 B5220 168DC A8224 160 145E0 A0 91
Numeric character referenceצצץץصصܨܨࠑࠑ
Character information
Preview𐎕𐡑𐤑
Unicode nameUGARITIC LETTER SADEIMPERIAL ARAMAIC LETTER SADHEPHOENICIAN LETTER SADE
Encodingsdecimalhexdecimalhexdecimalhex
Unicode66453U+1039567665U+1085167857U+10911
UTF-8240 144 142 149F0 90 8E 95240 144 161 145F0 90 A1 91240 144 164 145F0 90 A4 91
UTF-1655296 57237D800 DF9555298 56401D802 DC5155298 56593D802 DD11
Numeric character reference𐎕𐎕𐡑𐡑𐤑𐤑
gollark: Also, the "disaster is inevitable" thing seems... wrong. I think if stuff is handled correctly humanity can weather the problems we currently are and are going to experience and, er, do well. Problem is that there are lots of ways to do things very wrong.
gollark: *Probably* still better than before cities and stuff. Diseases spread anyway then, but less so, and we can actually treat them and have hygiene and sanitation now.
gollark: Still, I think on the whole we're better off disease-wise than the people of, say, 400 years ago.
gollark: Hmm, I suppose so on the population densities one.
gollark: I mean, spreading them better because of increased global travel, sure, but we can also actually treat them now (ish).

See also

Notes
  1. Weinreich, Uriel (1968). Modern English-Yiddish Yiddish-English Dictionary. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. p. 453. ISBN 07-0690380-3.
  2. "The Letter Tsade: Righteousness and Modesty" (in Hebrew). Retrieved 5 December 2010.
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