Trygve Haavelmo

Trygve Magnus Haavelmo (13 December 1911 – 28 July 1999), born in Skedsmo, Norway, was an economist whose research interests centered on econometrics. He received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1989.

Trygve Magnus Haavelmo
Born	(1911-12-13)13 December 1911 Skedsmo, Norway
Died	26 July 1999(1999-07-26) (aged 87) Oslo, Norway
Nationality	Norway
Institution	University of Aarhus University of Chicago University of Oslo University College London
Field	Macroeconomics, econometrics
School or tradition	Neo-Keynesian economics
Alma mater	University of Oslo
Influences	John Maynard Keynes Ragnar Frisch Jan Tinbergen
Contributions	Probability approach in econometrics Balanced budget multiplier
Awards	Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (1989)
Information at IDEAS / RePEc

Biography

After attending Oslo Cathedral School,[1] Haavelmo received a degree in economics from the University of Oslo in 1930 and eventually joined the Institute of Economics with the recommendation of Ragnar Frisch. Haavelmo was Frisch's assistant for a period of time until he was appointed as head of computations for the institute. In 1936, Haavelmo studied statistics at University College London while he subsequently traveled to Berlin, Geneva, and Oxford for additional studies.[2] Haavelmo assumed a lecturing position at the University of Aarhus in 1938 for one year and then in the subsequent year was offered an academic scholarship to travel abroad and study in the United States. During World War II he worked with Nortraship in the Statistical Department in New York City. He received his PhD in 1946 for his work on The Probability Approach in Econometrics.

He was a Professor of economics and statistics at the University of Oslo between 1948–79 and was the trade department head of division from 1947–48. Haavelmo acquired a prominent position in modern economics through his logical critique of a series of custom conceptions in mathematical analysis.

In 1989, Haavelmo was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics "for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures."[3]

Haavelmo resided at Østerås.[4] He died on 28 July 1999 in Oslo.

Legacy

Judea Pearl wrote "Haavelmo was the first to recognize the capacity of economic models to guide policies" and "presented a mathematical procedure that takes an arbitrary model and produces quantitative answers to policy questions". According to Pearl, "Haavelmo's paper, 'The Statistical Implications of a System of Simultaneous Equations',[5] marks a pivotal turning point, not in the statistical implications of econometric models, as historians typically presume, but in their causal counterparts."[6] Haavelmo's idea that an economic model depicts a series of hypothetical experiments and that policies can be simulated by modifying equations in the model became the basis of all currently used formalisms of econometric causal inference. (The biostatistics and epidemiology literature on causal inference draws from different sources.[7]) It was first operationalized by Robert H. Strotz and Herman Wold (1960)[8] who advocated "wiping out" selected equations, and then translated into graphical models as "wiping out" incoming arrows.[9][10] This operation has subsequently led to Pearl's "do"-calculus[11][12] and to a mathematical theory of counterfactuals in econometric models.[13][14] Pearl further speculates that the reason economists do not generally appreciate these revolutionary contributions of Haavelmo is because economists themselves have still not reached consensus of what an economic model stands for, as attested by profound disagreements among econometric textbooks.[15]

References

1. "Oslo Katedralskole - en skole med tradisjoner". Om skolen (in Norwegian). Oslo katedralskole. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
2. "Trygve Haavelmo". University of Oslo. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
3. Prokesch, Steven (12 October 1989). "Norwegian Wins Nobel For His Work in Economics". The New York Times.
4. "Sky Nobelpros-vinner stakk fra pressen" (in Norwegian). Norwegian News Agency. 11 October 1989.
5. Haavelmo, T. (1943). "The statistical implications of a system of simultaneous equations". Econometrica. Reprinted in D.F. Hendry and M.S. Morgan (Eds.), The Foundations of Econometric Analysis, Cambridge University Press, New York, 440–453, 1995. 11 (1): 1–43. doi:10.2307/1905714. JSTOR 1905714.
6. Pearl, Judea (2015). "Trygve Haavelmo and the Emergence of Causal Calculus". Econometric Theory. Forthcoming: 152–179. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.687.1860. doi:10.1017/S0266466614000231.
7. Rubin, Donald (2005). "Causal inference using potential outcomes: Design, modeling, decisions". Journal of the American Statistical Association. 100 (469): 322–331. doi:10.1198/016214504000001880.
8. Strotz, R.H.; Wold, H.O.A. (1960). "Recursive versus nonrecursive systems: An attempt at synthesis". Econometrica. 28 (2): 417–427. doi:10.2307/1907731. JSTOR 1907731.
9. Pearl, Judea (1993). "Comment: Graphical models, causality, and intervention". Statistical Science. 8 (3): 266–269. doi:10.1214/ss/1177010894.
10. Spirtes, P.; Glymour, C. N.; Scheines, R. (1993). Causation, prediction, and search. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
11. Pearl, Judea (1994). Lopez de Mantaras, R.; Poole, D. (eds.). "A probabilistic calculus of actions". Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 10: 454–462. arXiv:1302.6835.
12. Pearl, Judea (2000). Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference (2nd (2009) ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
13. Balke, Alex; Pearl, Judea (1995). Besnard, P.; Hanks, S. (eds.). "Counterfactuals and policy analysis in structural models". Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence 11: 11–18.
14. Pearl, Judea (2009). Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. Chapter 7 (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
15. Chen, Bryant; Pearl, Judea (2013). "Regression and Causation: A Critical Examination of Six Econometrics Textbooks" (PDF). Real-World Economics Review. 65: 2–20.

External links

• List of publications
• nobelprize.org bio
• Nobel Prize Lecture. at the Wayback Machine (archived 27 October 2009)
• Model Discovery and Trygve Haavelmo’s Legacy by David F. Hendry and Søren Johansen.]
• Trygve Haavelmo Growth Model by Elmer G. Wiens
• "Trygve Haavelmo (1911–1999)". The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Library of Economics and Liberty (2nd ed.). Liberty Fund. 2008.
• Pearl, Judea (2014). "Trygve Haavelmo and the Emergence of Causal Calculus" (PDF). Forthcoming, Econometric Theory, special issue on Haavelmo Centennial. UCLA Computer Science Department, Technical Report R-391.
• Chen, Bryant; Pearl, Judea (2013). "Regression and Causation: A Critical Examination of Six Econometrics Textbooks" (PDF). Real-World Economics Review. 65: 2–20.

Awards
Preceded by Maurice Allais	Laureate of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics 1989	Succeeded by Harry M. Markowitz Merton H. Miller William F. Sharpe