Trebinje

Trebinje (Serbian Cyrillic: Требиње, pronounced [trěːbiɲe]) is a town and municipality located in the Republika Srpska entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the southernmost city in Bosnia and Herzegovina situated on the banks of Trebišnjica river in the region of East Herzegovina. As of 2013, it has a population of 31,433 inhabitants. The city's old town quarter dates to the 18th-century Ottoman period, and includes the Arslanagić Bridge.

Trebinje

Требиње
City
Clockwise, from top: Osman-pasha's mosque, Arslanagića Ćuprija, Panorama of Trebinje, View on Trebinje River
Coat of arms
Location of Trebinje within Republika Srpska
Coordinates: 42.712°N 18.346°E / 42.712; 18.346
Country Bosnia and Herzegovina
Entity Republika Srpska
City statusJuly 2012
Settlements178 (2008.)
Government
 • MayorMirko Ćurić (SNSD)
Area
 • City854,5 km2 (3,299 sq mi)
Elevation
275 m (902 ft)
Population
 (2013 Census)
 • City31,433
 • Density36.8/km2 (95/sq mi)
 • Urban
25,589
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Area code(s)59
Websitewww.trebinje.rs.ba

Geography

Physical geography

The city lies in the Trebišnjica river valley, at the foot of Leotar, in southeastern Herzegovina, some 30 km (19 mi) by road from Dubrovnik, Croatia, on the Adriatic coast. There are several mills along the river, as well as several bridges, including three in the city of Trebinje itself, as well as a historic Ottoman Arslanagić Bridge nearby. The river is heavily exploited for hydro-electric energy. After it passes through the Popovo Polje area southwest of the city, the river – which always floods in the winter – naturally runs underground to the Adriatic, near Dubrovnik. Trebinje is known as "the city of the sun and platan trees", and it is said to be one of the most beautiful cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city is the economic and cultural center of the region of East Herzegovina.

Political geography

The Trebinje municipality is located in the most southern part of Republika Srpska and the municipalities of Bileća, Ljubinje and Ravno. The Trebinje municipality has an area of 904 km2 and makes up 3,68% of the total territory of the Republic of Srpska.

Climate

The climate is warm and temperate in Trebinje. The rain falls mostly in the winter, with relatively little rain in the summer. The average annual temperature is 14.2 °C in Trebinje. The average rainfall is 1338 mm.The warmest month of the year is July, with an average temperature of 23.3 °C and the coldest month of the year is January, with an average temperature of 5,4 °C.

Climate data for Trebinje (1961–1990)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.0
(64.4)		 20.0
(68.0)		 26.5
(79.7)		 27.0
(80.6)		 33.0
(91.4)		 37.0
(98.6)		 39.5
(103.1)		 39.0
(102.2)		 35.0
(95.0)		 31.5
(88.7)		 24.0
(75.2)		 20.5
(68.9)		 39.5
(103.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.4
(41.7)		 6.6
(43.9)		 9.0
(48.2)		 12.4
(54.3)		 16.8
(62.2)		 20.4
(68.7)		 23.3
(73.9)		 23.2
(73.8)		 19.5
(67.1)		 15.1
(59.2)		 10.4
(50.7)		 6.8
(44.2)		 14.1
(57.4)
Record low °C (°F) −10.5
(13.1)		 −8.0
(17.6)		 −7.0
(19.4)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 2.5
(36.5)		 6.5
(43.7)		 8.0
(46.4)		 9.5
(49.1)		 5.0
(41.0)		 −2.0
(28.4)		 −10.5
(13.1)		 −10.5
(13.1)		 −10.5
(13.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 179.1
(7.05)		 163.5
(6.44)		 154.2
(6.07)		 152.8
(6.02)		 86.2
(3.39)		 84.3
(3.32)		 52.2
(2.06)		 87.8
(3.46)		 125.1
(4.93)		 191.0
(7.52)		 232.8
(9.17)		 220.9
(8.70)		 1,730
(68.11)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11 11 11 11 8 7 5 5 6 9 12 11 106
Mean monthly sunshine hours 102.6 114.7 142.2 154.0 187.5 193.7 242.8 233.8 197.8 172.9 111.3 100.6 1,954.8
Source: Meteorological Institute of Bosnia and Herzegovina[1]

History

Middle Ages
Serbian Orthodox Tvrdoš Monastery, founded in the 15th century.

De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII (913–959) mentioned Travunija (Τερβουνια). Serbian Prince Vlastimir (r. 830–51) married his daughter to Krajina, the son of Beloje, and that family became hereditary rulers of Travunija. By 1040 Stefan Vojislav's state stretched in the coastal region from Ston in the north, down to his capital, Skadar, set up along the southern banks of the Skadar Lake, with other courts set up in Trebinje, Kotor and Bar.[2]

The town commanded the road from Ragusa to Constantinople, which was traversed in 1096 by Raymond IV of Toulouse and his crusaders.[3] At the end of the 12th century Stefan Nemanja conquered the Catholic-populated littoral provinces, including Trebinje.[4] It belonged to the Serbian Empire until 1355. Trebinje became a part of the expanded medieval Bosnian state under Tvrtko I in 1373. There is a medieval tower in Gornje Police whose construction is often attributed to Vuk Branković. The old Tvrdoš Monastery dates back to the 15th century.

In 1482, together with the rest of Herzegovina (see: Herzog Stjepan Vukčić Kosača), the town was captured by the Ottoman Empire. The Old Town-Kastel was built by the Ottomans on the location of the medieval fortress of Ban Vir, on the western bank of the Trebišnjica River. The city walls, the Old Town square, and two mosques were built in the beginning of the 18th century by the Resulbegović family. The 16th-century Arslanagić bridge (or Perovica bridge) was originally built at the village of Arslanagić, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of the town, by Mehmed-Paša Sokolović, and was run by Arslanagić family for centuries. The Arslanagić Bridge is one of the most attractive Ottoman-era bridges in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has two large and two small semicircular arches.

Among noble families in the Trebinje region mentioned in Ragusan documents were Ljubibratić, Starčić, Popović, Krasomirić, Preljubović, Poznanović, Dragančić, Kobiljačić, Paštrović, Zemljić and Stanjević.[5]

Ottoman era

The burning of Saint Sava's remains after the Banat Uprising provoked the Serbs in other regions to revolt against the Ottomans.[6] Grdan, the vojvoda of Nikšić, organized revolt with Serbian Patriarch Jovan Kantul. From 1596, the center of anti-Ottoman activity in Herzegovina was the Tvrdoš Monastery in Trebinje, where Metropolitan Visarion was seated.[7] In 1596, the uprising broke out in Bjelopavlići, then spread to Drobnjaci, Nikšić, Piva and Gacko (see Serb Uprising of 1596–97). The rebels were defeated at the field of Gacko. It ultimately failed due to lack of foreign support.[7]

The hajduks in Herzegovina had in March 1655 carried out one of their greatest operations, raiding Trebinje, taking many slaves and carrying with them out much loot.[8]

On 26 November 1716, Austrian general Nastić with 400 soldiers and c. 500 hajduks attacked Trebinje, but did not take it over.[9] A combined Austro-Venetian-Hajduk force of 7,000 stood before the Trebinje walls, defended by 1,000 Ottomans.[9] The Ottomans were busy near Belgrade and with hajduk attacks towards Mostar, and were thus unable to reinforce Trebinje.[9] The conquest of Trebinje and Popovo field were given up to fight in Montenegro.[9] The Venetians took over Hutovo and Popovo, where they immediately recruited militarily from the population.[9]

Notable participants in the Herzegovina Uprising (1852–62) from Trebinje include Mićo Ljubibratić.

During the Herzegovina Uprising (1875–77), the Bileća and Trebinje region was led by serdar Todor Mujičić, Gligor Milićević, Vasilj Svorcan and Sava Jakšić.

Arslanagića Ćuprija

Austria-Hungary
Austro-Hungarian soldiers hanging Serb civilians

After the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Croat-Muslim volunteer corps (German: Schutzcorp) terrorized Serb civilians of Bogojevići and other villages in Trebinje, which resulted in 83 children killed and 85 adults hanged.[10] Those and related actions resulted in migrations of the local population to Serbia.[11]

During the period of Austro-Hungarian administration (1878–1918), several fortifications were built on the surrounding hills, and there was a garrison based in the town. The imperial administrators also modernized the town, expanding it westwards, building the present main street, as well as several squares, parks, schools, tobacco plantations, etc.

SFR Yugoslavia (1945–92)
Monument dedicated to the fighters who died during the struggle against fascism in 1941–1945

Trebinje grew rapidly in the era of Josip Broz Tito's Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia between 1945 and 1980. It especially developed its hydroelectric potential with dams, artificial lakes, tunnels, and hydroelectric plants. This industrial development brought a large increase in the urban population of Trebinje.

Bosnian War (1992–95)

Trebinje was the largest town in Serb-held eastern Herzegovina during the Bosnian War. It was controlled by Bosnian Serb forces from the fall of 1991, and was used as a major command and artillery base by Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) troops besieging the Croatian town of Dubrovnik. In 1992 Trebinje was declared the capital of the self-proclaimed Serbian Autonomous Region of Herzegovina (Serbian: Српска аутономна област Херцеговина). Bosniak residents were subsequently conscripted to fight with the JNA and if refused they were executed, and thus they fled the region.[12] Ten of the town's mosques were razed to the ground during the war.[13]

Settlements

Trebinje is one of two municipalities created from the former Yugoslav municipality of Trebinje of the 1991 census, the other being Ravno in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2018, it has a total of 178 settlements that comprise it (including city proper area of Trebinje):

Panorama of Trebinje

Demographics

According to the 2013 census results, the city of Trebinje has 31,433 inhabitants.

Population
Population of settlements – Trebinje municipality
Settlement 1948. 1953. 1961. 1971. 1981. 1991. 2013.
Total 27,401 27,720 24,176 29,024 30,372 30,996 31,433
1 Bihovo 658 305
2 Donje Čičevo 258 497
3 Lastva 523 368
4 Pridvorci 419 632
5 Todorići 121 260
6 Trebinje 3,530 17,271 21,870 25,589
7 Vrpolje Ljubomir 73 278

Ethnic composition
Ethnic composition – Trebinje city
2013. 1991. 1981. 1971.
Total 25,589 (100,0%) 21,870 (100,0%) 17,271 (100,0%) 3,530 (100,0%)
Serbs 14,915 (68,20%) 9,489 (54,94%) 1,788 (50,65%)
Bosniaks 4,228 (19,33%) 3,039 (17,60%) 1,211 (34,31%)
Yugoslavs 1,470 (6,722%) 3,364 (19,48%) 124 (3,513%)
Others 910 (4,161%) 158 (0,915%) 51 (1,445%)
Croats 347 (1,587%) 412 (2,386%) 208 (5,892%)
Montenegrins 727 (4,209%) 120 (3,399%)
Albanians 31 (0,179%) 7 (0,198%)
Macedonians 29 (0,168%) 2 (0,057%)
Slovenes 22 (0,127%) 19 (0,538%)
Ethnic composition – Trebinje municipality
2013. 1991. 1981. 1971.
Total 31,433 (100,0%) 30,966 (100,0%) 30 372 (100,0%) 29,024 (100,0%)
Serbs 27,276 (93,42%) 21,349 (68,94%) 18,123 (59,67%) 19,362 (66,71%)
Bosniaks 995 (3,408%) 5,571 (17,99%) 4,405 (14,50%) 4,846 (16,70%)
Others 632 (2,165%) 1 158 (3,740%) 199 (0,655%) 157 (0,541%)
Croats 295 (1,010%) 1 246 (4,024%) 2,309 (7,602%) 3,350 (11,54%)
Yugoslavs 1 642 (5,303%) 4,280 (14,09%) 424 (1,461%)
Montenegrins 865 (2,848%) 776 (2,674%)
Albanians 119 (0,392%) 59 (0,203%)
Macedonians 36 (0,119%) 18 (0,062%)
Slovenes 22 (0,072%) 32 (0,110%)
Roma 14 (0,046%)

Culture
Hercegovačka Gračanica, a Serbian Orthodox monastery located on the Crkvina Hill overlooking the town.
Elektroprivreda Republike Srpske headquarters

The Serbian Orthodox church in Trebinje, Saborna Crkva, was built between 1888 and 1908. The Hercegovačka Gračanica monastery, a loose copy of the Gračanica monastery in Kosovo, was completed in 2000. The churches are located above the city, on the historic Crkvina Hill. The 15th-century Tvrdoš monastery is located two kilometres south-west of Trebinje, including a church which dates back to late antiquity. There is also the Roman Catholic Cathedral of the Birth of Mary in the town centre, as well as monuments dedicated to acclaimed poets Njegoš and Jovan Dučić (who was from the town). The Osman-Paša Resulbegović mosque, located in the Old Town, was originally built in 1726 and fully renovated in 2005. The Old Town walls are well preserved. The Arslanagić Bridge (1574) is located 1 km north of the town center.

Sports

The local football club, FK Leotar Trebinje, plays in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Economy

The headquarters of Elektroprivreda Republike Srpske, which is the largest employer in Republika Srpska (as of 2016), is located in Trebinje. As of 2016, most of its economy is based on services.

The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):[14]

Activity Total
Agriculture, forestry and fishing152
Mining and quarrying9
Manufacturing1,440
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply1,286
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities214
Construction362
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles1,157
Transportation and storage151
Accommodation and food services521
Information and communication134
Financial and insurance activities128
Real estate activities1
Professional, scientific and technical activities174
Administrative and support service activities136
Public administration and defense; compulsory social security972
Education635
Human health and social work activities601
Arts, entertainment and recreation124
Other service activities157
Total8,354

Transportation

In late 2009 the Government of Republika Srpska approved funding for the Trebinje airport project. The airport was intended to serve as a low cost alternative to Dubrovnik.[15] The airport was intended to be operational in 2010 and then delayed till 2011. The terminal was planned to handle 260,000 passengers annually. In January 2013 the Minister for Transport and Infrastructure for Republika Srpska, Nedeljko Cubrilovic, announced that the passenger numbers doubled in 2012 from the prior year.[16] This is despite the airport not having been built. Over 820,000 euros have been spent on the project, mostly on documentation.

Notable people
Luka Ćelović
Jovan Dučić
Nebojša Glogovac
  • Serb national costume, XIX century
  • Trebišnjica river in Trebinje
  • View of Orovac, village belonging to the municipality of Trebinje
  • Old Town
  • View from the hill
  • Old stone houses in Central street
  • Jovan Dučić street
  • Hotel Platani
  • Monument to the Liberators and 120 years old platans
  • Pedestrian area
  • Church in Trebinje
  • Nova Gračanica church
  • Spheric view of the interior of the Nova Gračanica church
  • Zavala monastery (founded in the 13th century) and the surrounding landscape
  • Sultan Ahmed's mosque
  • Monument dedicated to Petar II Petrović Njegoš
  • Bust of king Peter I of Serbia
  • A fountain in the city
gollark: Yes, those are getting costlier over time because ???.
gollark: Why? Aren't prices going down very fast on those?
gollark: They *might* have stopped a tiny amount of people getting blood clots, they *did* create a lot of vaccine hesitancy even after unhalting rollout of it.
gollark: It was causing very rare blood clots, and IIRC almost entirely in some specific demographic.
gollark: I can't see where on the Yellow Card site itself you can see their data, just where you can submit some. And it seems to be partly open-submission.

References
  1. "Klimatski podaci za Trebinje (niz 1961 – 1990)" (in Bosnian). Meteorological Institute of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  2. Fine 1991, p. 206.
  3. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Trebinje" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 232.
  4. Ivica Puljić, 2015, Sedam stoljeća otoka Mrkana u naslovu trebinjskih biskupa, https://hrcak.srce.hr/153752, #page= 91
  5. Milan Vasić (1995). Bosna i Hercegovina od srednjeg veka do novijeg vremena: međunarodni naučni skup 13-15. decembar 1994. Istorijski institut SANU. p. 77.
  6. Bataković 1996, p. 33.
  7. Ćorović, Vladimir (2001) [1997]. "Преокрет у држању Срба". Историја српског народа (in Serbian). Belgrade: Јанус.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  8. Mihić 1975, p. 181.
  9. Mihić 1975, p. 196.
  10. Vidić, Velibor (2015). Suffering and compassion Valjevo hospital 1914-1915. Archive of Serbia. p. 11.
  11. Vidić, Velibor (2015). Suffering and compassion Valjevo hospital 1914-1915. Archive of Serbia. p. 11.
  12. Human Rights Watch 1993, p. 382.
  13. Bose 2002, p. 156.
  14. "Cities and Municipalities of Republika Srpska" (PDF). rzs.rs.ba. Republika Srspka Institute of Statistics. 25 December 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  15. "Trebinje to get airport in 2010". Limun.hr. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  16. "EX-YU Aviation News: "Trebinje Airport doubles passenger numbers"". Exyuaviation.blogspot.com. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.

Sources
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