Tomislav Nikolić

Tomislav Nikolić (Serbian Cyrillic: Томислав Николић, Serbian pronunciation: [tǒmislaʋ nǐkolit͡ɕ]; born 15 February 1952) is a Serbian politician who served as the President of Serbia from 2012 to 2017. He is also the founder of the Serbian Progressive Party, and he led the party until his election as President. In the 2012 presidential election, he was elected to a five-year term as President in a second round of voting.

Tomislav Nikolić
Томислав Николић
4th President of Serbia
In office
31 May 2012 – 31 May 2017
Prime MinisterMirko Cvetković
Ivica Dačić
Aleksandar Vučić
Preceded bySlavica Đukić Dejanović (Acting)
Succeeded byAleksandar Vučić
President of the National Assembly
In office
8 May 2007 – 13 May 2007
Preceded byBorka Vučić (Acting)
Succeeded byMilutin Mrkonjić (Acting)
Deputy Prime Minister of Yugoslavia
In office
12 August 1999 – 9 October 2000
Prime MinisterMomir Bulatović
Preceded byVuk Drašković
Succeeded byMiroljub Labus
Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia
In office
24 March 1998 – 12 August 1999
Prime MinisterMirko Marjanović
Preceded byDragan Tomić
Succeeded byNebojša Čović
Personal details
Born (1952-02-15) 15 February 1952
Kragujevac, Yugoslavia (now Serbia)
Political partyRadical (1991–2008)
Progressive (2008–2012)
Independent (2012–present)
Spouse(s)Dragica Ninković
Children2, including Radomir
Signature
WebsiteOfficial website

Born in village Bajčetina in Kragujevac, Nikolić was a long-time member and MP of the Serbian Radical Party (SRS). He served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia from 1998 to 1999 and Deputy Prime Minister of FR Yugoslavia in the coalition government from 1999 to 2000. Nikolić was the Radical Party's deputy leader from 2003, and he briefly served as the President of the National Assembly of Serbia in 2007. In 2008 he resigned following a disagreement with party leader Vojislav Šešelj regarding Serbia's relations with the European Union, as Nikolić became in favor of Serbia's accession to the EU, a move that was staunchly opposed by Šešelj and his faction.[1] Nikolić formed the Serbian Progressive Party, which several SRS members joined.

Nikolić ran for President of Yugoslavia in the 2000 elections and placed third. He also ran four times for President of Serbia (in 2003, 2004, 2008, and 2012 elections). In 2003 he garnered the most votes, but the election was cancelled due to low turnout, while in 2004 and 2008 he was placed second behind Boris Tadić. In 2012, he won the runoff against Tadić to become President of Serbia.[2]

Early life

Tomislav Nikolić was born in Kragujevac. His father, Radomir, was a labourer, and his mother, Živadinka (née Đoković), was a housewife. In his youth, he trained in athletics. He completed secondary technical school in Kragujevac. His first employment was as a cemetery supervisor.[3][4] In 1971 he began working with the building construction company "Žegrap", and in 1978 he worked for the company "22 December” in Kragujevac as head of the Investment and Maintenance Department. He was also Technical Director of the Utility Services company in Kragujevac.[3] He and his wife Dragica (née Ninković) have two sons.[3]

Political career

Radical Party

Nikolić began his political career as vice-president of the People's Radical Party. Under his initiative, the People's Radical Party merged with Vojislav Šešelj's Serbian National Renewal to form the Serbian Radical Party. Šešelj was elected president of the new party and Nikolić as vice-president.[5] He has been a deputy in the National Assembly of Serbia since 1991, the only one elected continuously since that year. In 1993 Vojislav Šešelj bestowed on Nikolić the title of Chetnik voivodes.[6] Under Slobodan Milošević and the Socialist Party of Serbia, he and Šešelj were sentenced to three months in prison which he served in Gnjilane. However, in March 1998 the Serbian Radical Party formed a coalition with the Socialist Party and he then became the vice-president of the Government of Serbia and, by the end of 1999, the vice-president of the government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

In 2000, he began the first of several runs for the presidency of Serbia. In the FR Yugoslavia presidential election of 2000, he finished in third place behind Vojislav Koštunica and Slobodan Milošević. He then ran in the 2003 Serbian presidential election, in which garnered the most votes in the first round (46.23%), ahead of Dragoljub Mićunović, but the results were invalidated due to a low turnout of only 38.8%. Nikolić made yet another bid for the presidency in the 2004 presidential election.[7] In the first round, he received 30.1% of the vote and Boris Tadić received 27.3%. In the second round held on 27 June, Nikolić lost to Tadić by 53.7% to 45.4%. On 23 February 2003 he became the deputy leader of the party after Vojislav Šešelj went voluntarily to the ICTY. During his leadership of the party, Nikolić favoured pushing the party towards focusing on more economic and social issues such as poverty and unemployment, rather than militant nationalism.

Nikolić was elected Speaker of Parliament on 8 May 2007, defeating Milena Milošević of the Democratic Party by 142 to 99 votes out of 244 members of Parliament. The Democratic Party of Serbia endorsed him.[8] Hajredin Kuci of the Democratic Party of Kosovo, Ylli Hoxha of the Reformist Party ORA, and the Prime Minister of Kosovo Agim Çeku condemned the election of Nikolić as "counterproductive and dangerous for Kosovo".[9] On 9 May, Nikolić met with Russian Ambassador Aleksandr Alekseyev and gave a speech to Parliament in which he advocated making Serbia part of a Belarus-Russia superstate, saying that together they would "stand up against the hegemony of America and the European Union".[10]

He resigned from his position as speaker on 13 May after the Democratic Party and the Democratic Party of Serbia formed a preliminary alliance in preparation for a coalition government.[8][11] Nikolić told the Democratic parties that if they "peacefully accept" the independence of Kosovo the Radical Party "will not sit calmly and wait".[11]

In 2008, he ran again for the presidency in the 2008 presidential election. His slogan was With All Heart (Serbian: Свим срцем, Svim srcem). On 20 January 2008, Nikolić again won the first round with 39.99% of the vote. Nikolić and incumbent Boris Tadić, who garnered 35.39% of the vote, faced off against each other in a runoff election on 3 February. Nikolić lost, receiving 2,197,155 or 47.97% of the vote.[12]

Nikolić abruptly resigned from the Radical Party leadership on 6 September 2008. Serb media cited differences between Nikolić and other members of the Radical Party hierarchy, especially party leader Vojislav Šešelj, about how the party should react to the proposed European Union membership for Serbia.[13] In the following days Nikolić formed a parliamentary group with a number of other Radical Party representatives called "Napred Srbijo" (Forward, Serbia).[14] Nikolić told the press that the "old Serbian Radical Party no longer exists".[15] On 11 September 2008, Šešelj addressed all Radical Party members in a letter. He named Nikolić and his group as "traitors, Western puppets and agents". He also called upon all SRS members to remain loyal to the ideology of "Serbian nationalism, anti-globalism and pro-Russian politics".[16] On 12 September 2008, Nikolić and his group were officially ejected from the Radical Party.[17] Nikolić announced that he would form his own party.[18]

Progressive Party
Tomislav Nikolić and Aleksandar Vučić at the founding convention of SNS

On 24 September 2008 he announced that his new party's name would be the Serbian Progressive Party and that the first convention would be held on 21 October.[19] The founding congress of the new party was held on 21 October 2008.[20]

On 5 February 2011, in front of the National Assembly, Nikolić and his political supporters – Milanka Karić (Strength of Serbia Movement, Velimir Ilić (New Serbia), Aleksandar Vulin (Movement of Socialists) and Aleksandar Vučić organized a protest demanding early parliamentary elections. According to an official Serbian police report there were around 55,000 people present. On 16 April 2011 Nikolić organized a larger protest with the same request. He also started a thirst and hunger strike that morning and later moved to the national parliament. He stated that his goal was to force the then-Serbian government (led by Boris Tadić) to hold early parliamentary elections.[21] On 17 April Tadić came to visit Nikolić in the latter's parliamentary chambers. Tadić advised Nikolić to stop striking. Nikolić's condition worsened, and he was taken to a private hospital. Serbia's media regularly reported on his condition. That same night his arterial tension was high (150/100 mmHg)[22] but he refused to seek intravenous therapy or medication.[22] When he realized that his hunger strike would not bring about the desired outcome, Nikolić stepped down, citing Easter.

Nikolić led the party in the 2012 parliamentary election, and he ran for president in the 2012 presidential election. His slogan was Let's Get Serbia Moving (Serbian: Покренимо Србију, Pokrenimo Srbiju). During the campaign, the issue of his education was raised, as the opposition claimed that Nikolić obtained his master's degree under dubious circumstances in a private school. Nikolić responded by suing the daily newspapers Blic and Kurir, demanding 4 million euros as compensation.[23]

On 6 May 2012, Nikolić lost the first round with 25.05% of the vote. Nikolić and incumbent Boris Tadić, who garnered 25.31% of the vote, faced off against each other in a runoff election on 20 May. Nikolić won, receiving 49.4% of the vote in a tally of 70% of the polling stations. Boris Tadić, his rival in the elections, congratulated him on the victory, and stated that he hoped that Serbia would continue its progress under Nikolić.[24]

Nikolić resigned as leader of the Serbian Progressive Party on 24 May 2012,[25] and simultaneously quit his membership in the party, citing desire to be a president of all citizens of Serbia.[26][27]

Tomislav Nikolić meeting Vladimir Putin in Moscow, 2016.

In late September 2013, the Belgrade gay pride parade was banned by the Serbian police for the third consecutive year following violent threats issued by right-wing groups and requests by the Serbian Orthodox Church.[28] Prior to the parade, Dačić released a statement in which he said that homosexual behaviour was "abnormal" and that homosexuals in Serbia needed to "respect the wishes of the majority of the population" if the "majority's wish was for the parade to not take place."[29] Nikolić subsequently issued a statement calling for "work on the organisation of next year's parade to begin immediately."[30]

President of Serbia

Nikolić was inaugurated as the President of Serbia on 11 June 2012. Stefan Fuelle, the EU's enlargement commissioner, was the highest-ranking official to attend and many ambassadors from other countries were also present. Leaders of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia and Macedonia, boycotted the inauguration due to his denial of the genocide at Srebrenica and claims about Vukovar.[31][32][33]

Controversies

Chetnik Voivode
Main article: List of Chetnik voivodes

The Serbian Radical Party was founded in 1991 with Vojislav Šešelj as president and Tomislav Nikolić as vice president. It was sometimes described as a Chetnik party[34] oriented towards neo-fascism and striving for the territorial expansion of Serbia.[35][36] Chetniks was a World War II movement in Yugoslavia led by Draža Mihailović, who was accused of collaboration with the occupying forces and war crimes. In 1993, during Bosnian War, Nikolić was proclaimed as Chetnik voivode (vojvoda, duke) by Šešelj in a ceremony at Romanija mountain.[37][38]

Greater Serbia

During the 1990s and until 2008, Nikolić repeatedly called for the creation of a Greater Serbia.[39][40] Nikolić told a Zagreb paper in 2004 that the boundaries of Greater Serbia along the Virovitica-Karlovac-Karlobag line were not part of any imperialistic politics, but would always remain a "dream" for him and other Radical leaders.[41] He also said that he would not have diplomatic relations with Croatia because they are "occupying Serbian land".[42] In 2007, Nikolić stated that the basis of political action in the Serbian Radical Party was the unification of Republika Srpska, Montenegro, and the Republic of Serbian Krajina with Serbia in a single Balkan state.[43] But a few days before the 2012 elections, Nikolić told the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung in an interview that the territorial integrity of neighbouring countries cannot be questioned and that his former opinions were no longer valid.[44] When asked about this change of position, he quoted a French philosopher that said "only a fool does not change his opinion."[45] In 2018, Nikolić stated that he has supported the independence of Republika Srpska and unification with Serbia.[46]

Kosovo Albanians

During 90's, Nikolić said in Minimaks's TV show that he would expel all Kosovo Albanians to Albania.[47] In 1999, during Kosovo War, more than 800,000 Kosovo Albanians was expelled from Kosovo by Serbian Police and the Yugoslav Army, when Nikolić served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia.

Đinđić and Ćuruvija

In a remark about Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić's injured leg, Nikolić said on 28 February 2003: "If anyone of you, in the following month or two, sees Zoran Đinđić somewhere, tell him that Tito also had a problem with a leg before his death".[48] Less than two weeks later Đinđić was assassinated in Belgrade. Nikolić later apologized for his statement by saying that he would have never said that had he known what would happen. In contrast to Đinđić, Nikolić repeatedly refused to apologize for stating "I don't regret that Slavko Curuvija was murdered”. (Journalist Slavko Ćuruvija was murdered on 11 April 1999 in front of the door of his building.)[49][50]

Education

In 2012 Nikolić was accused of buying a master's degree from the Faculty of Management in Novi Sad without attending a single class or exam. The allegation was based on the fact that his diploma had no stamp and that no other students recalled having seen him attend classes or exams.[51][52]

Vukovar statements

In a May 2012 interview, Nikolić was quoted by Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung to have said that ″Vukovar was a Serb city and Croats have nothing to go back to there″.[53] Croatian President Ivo Josipović criticized Nikolić for this statement and conditioned future cooperation on Nikolić's withdrawal of the statement.[54]

The following day Nikolić's office issued a statement saying that Nikolić never made any such statement and called it a ″treacherous lie″.[55] However, Michael Martens, a journalist at Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung subsequently published the audio recording showing that Nikolić had indeed made that statement.[56]

Comments about Srebrenica massacre

On 2 June 2012, Nikolić stated on Montenegrin television that "there was no genocide in Srebrenica. In Srebrenica, grave war crimes were committed by some Serbs who should be found, prosecuted and punished. [...] It is very difficult to indict someone and prove before a court that an event qualifies as genocide." Nikolić stated that he would not attend the annual commemoration of the Srebrenica massacre: "Don't always ask the Serbian president if he is going to Srebrenica, my predecessor was there and paid tribute. Why should every president do the same?"[57]

Bakir Izetbegović, a member of Bosnia and Herzegovina's presidency, said Nikolic's comments insulted the survivors. He elaborated "the denial of genocide in Srebrenica will not pave the way for co-operation and reconciliation in the region, but on the contrary, may cause fresh misunderstandings and tensions. "[57] Catherine Ashton, foreign policy chief of the European Union, condemned his comments and stated that "the EU strongly rejects any intention to rewrite history."[58] The United States State Department deplored Nikolić's statement and considered them unfounded and counterproductive.[59]

On 25 April 2013, Nikolić apologised for crimes committed by any individual in the name of Serbia, and, in particular, for crimes committed in Srebrenica.[60][61][62] The apology came after Nikolić was criticised during the presidential election in 2012 for saying that 'there was no genocide in Srebrenica', although this had been acknowledged by his predecessor, Tadić.[60] However, the news was not fully accepted in the media in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Nikolić was said to have not recognised the massacre of Srebrenica as genocide.[61]

Comments about prophecy and calling Chinese people “yellow people”

On 18 December 2015 local time, Nikolić met in Belgrade with Li Keqiang, Premier of the People's Republic of China. He was quoted as saying: "There was a man in our country 200 years ago and he was a prophet, and had never heard of China, but he said: 'People will come from the east - yellow people and will rule the world, and drink water from the River Morava'”. This statement has been characterized as an insult by some Serbian newspapers and it was the subject of a satirical TV show.[63][64]

Comments about protection of “Serbian genes”

On 25 January 2016, Nikolić laid the cornerstone for “the Centre of Excellence” of the University of Kragujevac, his hometown; the institution will include a stem cell research unit. Nikolić said The Stem Cell Bank will “preserve what's most important, and the most beautiful characteristics of the Serb people” and also: "Children should be born here, with the Serb genetic material, with the Serb code, Serb past and Serb future. That has guided me to support this.”[65][66] Ombudsman of Serbia, Saša Janković, reacted to this on Twitter by saying he "regretted this statement," and adding that the first article of the Constitution states "the Republic of Serbia is the state of the Serb people and all citizens who live in it." The League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina (LSV) also reacted, saying that the president made "a Nazi statement" that "violated the Constitution," and urged him to resign.[65]

Honouring Omar al-Bashir

Nikolić has decorated a large number of domestic and foreign individuals and institutions on the occasion of Statehood Day. In 2016, he honoured Omar al-Bashir, President of Sudan, because that country refused to recognise Kosovo's independence.[67] The New York-based Coalition for the International Criminal Court called on Nikolić to revoke the medal he gave to Sudan's President because Bashir is wanted by the International Criminal Court (ICC) and is suspected of five counts of crimes against humanity, two counts of war crimes and three counts of genocide allegedly committed in the Darfur.[68]

Comments about gynaecology and women

On September 2016, At the opening ceremony of Symposium of Association of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians Serbia, Montenegro and Republika Srpska, Nikolić said: “Gynecology is knowledge about women, if anyone should dare to say that they have that knowledge”.[69] Maja Sedlarević, member of League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina (LSV), said Nikolić had offended women and also he is ignorant, uneducated and superficial.[70]

Bibliography

Nikolić has published thirteen books:

  • Ни победа ни пораз – Neither victory nor defeat
  • Све за Косово и Метохију – Everything for Kosovo and Metohija
  • Отета победа – Abducted victory
  • Шешеља за председника – Šešelj for President
  • Кроз медијски мрак – Through the darkness of the media
  • Писмо са адресом – The letter with an address
  • У канџама мржње – In the grip of hatred
  • Говорио сам – I spoke
  • Скупштински ход по мукама – The parliamentary walk on torture
  • Неокомунистички парламент – Neo-communist parliament
  • Од почетка – Since the beginning
  • Кад падне влада Милошевић пада – When the government falls, Milošević falls
  • Ровови у Народној скупштини – The Trenches in the National Assembly

Honours and awards
Award or decorationCountryDatePlace
Order of Makarios III[71] Cyprus13 January 2013Belgrade
Order of Merit[72] Ukraine6 June 2013Belgrade
Order of the Redeemer[73] Greece18 June 2013Belgrade
Order of Glory[74] Armenia11 October 2014Yerevan
Order of José Martí[75] Cuba19 May 2015Havana
National Order of Merit[76] Algeria17 May 2016Algiers
Order of Friendship[77] Kazakhstan24 August 2016Belgrade
Order of Prince Henry[78] Portugal25 January 2017Lisbon
Order Of The Friendship Of the Peoples[79] Belarus20 May 2017Minsk
Order of the Republika Srpska[80] Bosnia and Herzegovina  Republika Srpska9 January 2018Banja Luka

Honorary citizenship
CountryCityYear
 SerbiaHonorary citizen of Čačak[81]2013
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republika Srpska)Honorary citizen of Trebinje[82]2013
 MontenegroHonorary citizen of Berane[83]2015
 ChinaHonorary citizen of Beijing[84]2017
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Party political offices
New political party Leader of the People's Radical Party
1990–1991		 Succeeded by
Veljko Guberina
Deputy President of the Radical Party
2003–2008		 Succeeded by
Dragan Todorović
Leader of the Serbian Progressive Party
2008–2012		 Succeeded by
Aleksandar Vučić
Political offices
Preceded by
Predrag Marković		 President of the National Assembly
2007		 Succeeded by
Oliver Dulić
Preceded by
Slavica Đukić Dejanović
Acting		 President of Serbia
2012–2017		 Succeeded by
Aleksandar Vučić
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