Tabernaemontana

Tabernaemontana is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae. It has a pan-tropical distribution, found in Asia, Africa, Australia, North America, South America, and a wide assortment of oceanic islands.[1][2] These plants are evergreen shrubs and small trees growing to 1–15 m tall. The leaves are opposite, 3–25 cm long, with milky sap; hence it is one of the diverse plant genera commonly called "milkwood". The flowers are fragrant, white, 1–5 cm in diameter.

Tabernaemontana
Tabernaemontana divaricata 'Flore Pleno'
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Gentianales
Family:	Apocynaceae
Subfamily:	Rauvolfioideae
Tribe:	Tabernaemontaneae
Subtribe:	Tabernaemontaninae
Genus:	Tabernaemontana Plum. ex L. 1753
Synonyms[1]
Anacampta Miers Anartia Miers Bonafousia A.DC. Camerunia (Pichon) Boiteau Capuronetta Markgr. Clerkia Neck. Codonemma Miers Conopharyngia G.Don Domkeocarpa Markgr. Ervatamia (A.DC.) Stapf Gabunia K.Schum. Hazunta Pichon Leptopharyngia (Stapf) Boiteau Merizadenia Miers Muntafara Pichon Ochronerium Baill. Odontostigma A.Rich. Oistanthera Markgr. Pagiantha Markgr. Pandaca Noronha ex Thouars Pandacastrum Pichon Peschiera A.DC Phrissocarpus Miers Protogabunia Boiteau Pterotaberna Stapf Quadricasaea Woodson Reichardia Dennst. 1818, illegitimate homonym, not Roth 1787 nor Roth 1800 nor Roth 1821 Rejoua Gaudich. Sarcopharyngia (Stapf) Boiteau Stemmadenia Benth. Stenosolen (Müll.Arg.) Markgr. Taberna Miers Testudipes Markgr. Woytkowskia Woodson

The cultivar T. divaricata cv. 'Plena', with doubled-petaled flowers, is a popular houseplant.

Some members of the genus Tabernaemontana are used as additives to some versions of the psychedelic drink ayahuasca;[3] the genus is known to contain ibogaine (e.g. in bëcchëte, T. undulata) conolidine[4] and voacangine (namely in T. africana). T. sananho preparations are used in native medicine to treat eye injuries and as an anxiolytic, and T. heterophylla is used to treat dementia in the elderly.[5] Conolidine may be developed as a new class of pain killer.[6] Caterpillars of the oleander hawk-moth (Daphnis nerii) have been found to feed on the pinwheelflower (T. divaricata).

The genus commemorates the "father of German botany" Jacobus Theodorus Tabernaemontanus.

Species[1]

1. Tabernaemontana abbreviata - Costa Rica
2. Tabernaemontana africana - tropical Africa
3. Tabernaemontana alba - Central America, Mexico, Florida, Cuba, Colombia
4. Tabernaemontana alfaroi - Costa Rica, Panama
5. Tabernaemontana allenii - Panama
6. Tabernaemontana alternifolia - S India
7. Tabernaemontana amplifolia - Colombia, Ecuador
8. Tabernaemontana amygdalifolia - S Mexico, Central America, Cuba, Haiti, NW South America
9. Tabernaemontana angulata - NE Brazil
10. Tabernaemontana antheonycta - Borneo
11. Tabernaemontana apoda - Cuba
12. Tabernaemontana arborea - S Mexico, C America, Colombia
13. Tabernaemontana attenuata - Trinidad, Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana
14. Tabernaemontana aurantiaca - Maluku, Papuasia, Vanuatu, Micronesia
15. Tabernaemontana bouquetii - Congo, Gabon
16. Tabernaemontana bovina - S China, N Indochina
17. Tabernaemontana brachyantha - C Africa
18. Tabernaemontana brasiliensis - Brazil (Pará)
19. Tabernaemontana bufalina - S China, Indochina, W Malaysia
20. Tabernaemontana calcarea - Madagascar
21. Tabernaemontana capuronii - Madagascar
22. Tabernaemontana catharinensis - S South America
23. Tabernaemontana cerea - Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname
24. Tabernaemontana cerifera - New Caledonia
25. Tabernaemontana chocoensis - Colombia
26. Tabernaemontana ciliata - N Madagascar
27. Tabernaemontana citrifolia - West Indies
28. Tabernaemontana coffeoides - Seychelles, Comoros, Madagascar
29. Tabernaemontana columbiensis - SE Central America, NW South America
30. Tabernaemontana contorta - Cameroon
31. Tabernaemontana cordata - Philippines (Mindanao)
32. Tabernaemontana coriacea - W Brazil, Peru, Bolivia
33. Tabernaemontana corymbosa - S China, SE Asia
34. Tabernaemontana crassa - W + C Africa
35. Tabernaemontana crassifolia - N Madagascar
36. Tabernaemontana cumata - Brazil ( Amazonas)
37. Tabernaemontana cuspidata - NW South America
38. Tabernaemontana cymosa - N South America
39. Tabernaemontana debrayi - N Madagascar
40. Tabernaemontana dichotoma - Sri Lanka
41. Tabernaemontana disticha - N South America
42. Tabernaemontana divaricata - S China, Himalayas, N Indochina
43. Tabernaemontana donnell-smithii - Mexico, Central America
44. Tabernaemontana eglandulosa - Benin to Angola
45. Tabernaemontana elegans - Somalia to South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal)
46. Tabernaemontana eubracteata - S Mexico, NE Central America
47. Tabernaemontana eusepala - NE Madagascar
48. Tabernaemontana eusepaloides - NE Madagascar
49. Tabernaemontana flavicans - NW South America
50. Tabernaemontana gamblei - S India
51. Tabernaemontana glabra - Mexico, Central America, NW South America
52. Tabernaemontana glandulosa - Guinea to Republic of the Congo
53. Tabernaemontana grandiflora - SE Central America, N South America
54. Tabernaemontana hallei - Gabon, Cameroon
55. Tabernaemontana hannae - Mexico (Chiapas), Costa Rica
56. Tabernaemontana heterophylla - SE Central America, N + C South America
57. Tabernaemontana humblotii - Madagascar
58. Tabernaemontana hystrix - Brazil
59. Tabernaemontana inconspicua - Cameroon to Angola
60. Tabernaemontana laeta - Brazil
61. Tabernaemontana lagenaria - Fr Guinea, N Brazil, Peru
62. Tabernaemontana laurifolia - Cayman Is., Jamaica
63. Tabernaemontana leeuwenbergiana - Colombia
64. Tabernaemontana letestui - Republic of the Congo, Gabon
65. Tabernaemontana linkii - N + W South America
66. Tabernaemontana litoralis - S Mexico, C America, Colombia
67. Tabernaemontana longipes - SE C America, NW S America
68. Tabernaemontana lorifera - N Brazil, Guyana, Suriname
69. Tabernaemontana macrocalyx - N South America
70. Tabernaemontana macrocarpa - Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Borneo, Sumatra
71. Tabernaemontana markgrafiana - Panama, NW South America
72. Tabernaemontana maxima - NW South America
73. Tabernaemontana mocquerysii - Madagascar
74. Tabernaemontana muricata - Brazil (Amazonas)
75. Tabernaemontana oaxacana - Mexico (Oaxaca)
76. Tabernaemontana ochroleuca - Jamaica
77. Tabernaemontana odoratissima - Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania
78. Tabernaemontana oppositifolia - Puerto Rico
79. Tabernaemontana ovalifolia - Jamaica
80. Tabernaemontana pachysiphon - tropical C + E + S Africa
81. Tabernaemontana palustris - NW South America
82. Tabernaemontana panamensis - Panama, Colombia, Ecuador
83. Tabernaemontana pandacaqui - S China, SE Asia, N Australia, Papuasia, Micronesia, French Polynesia
84. Tabernaemontana pauciflora - SE Asia
85. Tabernaemontana pauli - Costa Rica
86. Tabernaemontana peduncularis - Indochina, W Malaysia
87. Tabernaemontana penduliflora - Nigeria to Democratic Republic of the Congo
88. Tabernaemontana persicariifolia - Mauritius, Réunion
89. Tabernaemontana peschiera - N Brazil, Suriname, Fr Guinea
90. Tabernaemontana phymata - N Madagascar
91. Tabernaemontana polyneura - W Malaysia
92. Tabernaemontana psorocarpa - W Africa
93. Tabernaemontana remota - Indonesia (Sulawesi, Rossel Island)
94. Tabernaemontana retusa - Madagascar
95. Tabernaemontana robinsonii - Colombia, Central America
96. Tabernaemontana rostrata - Bangladesh to Philippines
97. Tabernaemontana rupicola - N South America
98. Tabernaemontana salomonensis - Solomon Islands
99. Tabernaemontana salzmannii - E Brazil
100. Tabernaemontana sambiranensis - N Madagascar
101. Tabernaemontana sananho - N South America
102. Tabernaemontana sessilifolia - Madagascar
103. Tabernaemontana simulans - Panama, Costa Rica
104. Tabernaemontana siphilitica - N South America.
105. Tabernaemontana solanifolia - Brazil
106. Tabernaemontana sphaerocarpa - Java to Maluku
107. Tabernaemontana stapfiana - Burundi to Zimbabwe
108. Tabernaemontana stellata - Madagascar
109. Tabernaemontana stenoptera - Mexico (Colima)
110. Tabernaemontana stenosiphon - São Tomé and Príncipe
111. Tabernaemontana ternifolia - Philippines (Palawan)
112. Tabernaemontana thurstonii - Fiji
113. Tabernaemontana tomentosa - Mexico
114. Tabernaemontana undulata - Costa Rica to Fr Guiana + Bolivia
115. Tabernaemontana vanheurckii - NW South America
116. Tabernaemontana ventricosa - Nigeria to South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal)
117. Tabernaemontana venusta - Mexico (Oaxaca)
118. Tabernaemontana wullschlaegelii - Jamaica

• 
  Ornamental pinwheelflower (T. divaricata) cv. 'Plena'
• 
  Habitus of T. divaricata
• 
  T. elegans (toad tree)
• 
  T. pandacaqui (banana bush)
• 
  T. pachysiphon

See also

• Psychedelic plants
• Compounds found in Tabernaemontana
  • Affinisine
  • Affinine

References

1. "WCSP (2013). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families". Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 October 2013.
2. Flora of China Vol. 16 Page 152 狗牙花属 gou ya hua shu Tabernaemontana Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 210. 1753.
3. Ott (1995)
4. Kam T.S., Pang H.S., Choo Y.M., Komiyama K. ,"Biologically active ibogan and vallesamine derivatives from Tabernaemontana divaricata."Chemistry & biodiversity 2004 1:4 (646-656)
5. Rodrigues & Carlini (2006)
6. "Scientists create new type of painkiller". 23 May 2011.

• Ott, Jonathan (1995): In: Ayahuasca Analogues: Pangaean Entheogens.
• Rodrigues, Eliana & Carlini, E.A. (2006): Plants with possible psychoactive effects used by the Krahô Indians, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 28(4): 277-282. PDF fulltext