Sydney Harbour Tunnel

The Sydney Harbour Tunnel is a twin-tube road tunnel in Sydney, Australia. The tunnel was completed and opened to traffic in August 1992 to provide a second vehicular crossing of Sydney Harbour to alleviate congestion on the Sydney Harbour Bridge. It is one of two tunnels under the harbour, the other being a set of rail tunnels for the Sydney Metro.[3][4]

Sydney Harbour Tunnel
Sydney Harbour Tunnel, northbound
Overview
LocationPort Jackson
Coordinates33.85260°S 151.21187°E / -33.85260; 151.21187
StatusActive
Route
Start Warringah Freeway
End Cahill Expressway
Further information
Operation
ConstructedJanuary 1988 – August 1992
Opened30 August 1992
OwnerSydney Harbour Tunnel Company
OperatorSydney Harbour Tunnel Company
TrafficAutomotive
TollTime of day tolling (southbound only)
Vehicles per dayca 90,000 (2008)[1]
Technical
Length2.8 km (1.7 mi)
No. of lanes4
Operating speed80 km/h (50 mph)
Tunnel clearance4.4 m (14 ft 5 in) vehicle clearance,
Width10.5 m (34 ft 5 in)[2]
Depth of tunnel below water level25 metres (82 ft)
Depth of shipping channel above16 m (52 ft)[2]

The tunnel joins the Warringah Freeway at North Sydney, and the Cahill Expressway at the entrance to the Domain Tunnel. It has two lanes in each direction, and runs at an angle of approximately thirty degrees (North to South) to the Sydney Harbour Bridge, which has eight lanes, with a tidal flow operation. In 2008, the tunnel was carrying around 90,000 vehicles per day.[1][5]

Construction

The tunnel is made up of three sections: twin 900-metre (3,000 ft) land tunnels on the north shore, twin 400-metre (1,300 ft) land tunnels on the south shore and a 960-metre (3,150 ft) immersed tube (IMT) structure. The tunnel falls about 55 metres (180 ft) from the northern entrance and about 35 metres (115 ft) from the southern entrance to its deepest point, 25 metres (82 ft) below sea level. The construction was undertaken by Thiess Contractors.[6]

The IMT structure consists of eight precast concrete units. The units were constructed over 100 kilometres (62 mi) away in a casting basin at Port Kembla and then towed to Sydney Harbour. A trench was dredged before the arrival of the IMTs and then the IMTs were lowered into the trench by a system of pontoons and control towers. After the IMTs were in place the trenches were backfilled and then a rock armour was placed over the top to protect the units against marine hazards, such as anchors or sinking vessels. The land tunnels were constructed by a combination of driving and cut-and-cover techniques, designed to be strong enough to withstand the impact of earthquakes.

The northern end pylons of the Sydney Harbour Bridge were altered to allow for air exhaust from the tunnel to rise over the harbour. Bradfield Park on the northern side of the bridge also has air intakes.

Alterations to the northern end pylons of the bridge were required to build the tunnel.

Fresh air is drawn by an underground ventilation station on the north shore and is pumped to all sections of the tunnel through vented ducts. The air supply uses fourteen axial flow fans, each up to 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) in diameter. The exhaust uses sixteen (eight in each northern pylon tower) fans that draw exhaust air through two underground ducts from the tunnel ventilation station and transfer the air to the top of the pylon. They can expel it at up to 1,500 m3/s (53,000 cu ft/s) – equivalent to changing all the air in the tunnel every two minutes[7] with the capability of running in reverse in an emergency and all fans are rated for smoke extraction. Each of the fans has a duty of 53 to 103 m3/s (1,900 to 3,600 cu ft/s). The testing of the fans was one of the most comprehensive ever, covering flowrate and pressure, power measurements, sound levels, bearing vibration, x-raying of all impeller components, high-temperature tests at 200 °C (392 °F) for 2 hours, impeller strain, and 24-hour run tests for reversals.[7]

The tunnel was opened to the public to walk through from North Sydney (Falcon Street) to Eastern Sydney (The Domain) on 30 August 1992. The proceeds of the tickets sold for this event were donated to the Royal Institute for Deaf and Blind Children. The tunnel opened to traffic on 31 August 1992.[8]

Operator

The Harbour Tunnel is a partnership between the Government of New South Wales and private investors by tender. Transfield Pty Limited and Kumagai Gumi formed a 50/50 joint venture company which constructed the tunnel under contract; with a 30-year operating contract, including revenue collection and maintenance, from 1992 until 2022. As a result of the 1997 separation of assets of Transfield and the creation of the Tenix group, the ongoing thirty-year operating contract for management of the tunnel is split between Kumagai Gumi (50%), Transfield (25%) and Tenix (25%).

The total construction cost of the project was A$554.25 million.[9] $A223 million of this is an interest-free loan from the NSW Government, to be repaid at the conclusion of the operating contract in August 2022 when the tunnel will be transferred to public ownership.[9] The government has also guaranteed an Ensured Revenue Stream (ERS) to the operator, whereby it makes up the shortfall between toll collections and the guaranteed amount.[10] As toll revenues have been below the projected amount, in 2008 for example, the government paid the operator $58.9 million, with the total amount forecast to be $A1.1 billion from 2008 to 2022.[10] The NSW Auditor-General has also raised concerns that the tunnel's expenses may make the operating company default on the $A223 million loan,[11] however the government remains confident in it.[9]

Tolling

In 2006, the New South Wales Government announced that all cash tolls on the Sydney Orbital Network would cease by 2010.[12] The Sydney Harbour Tunnel went fully electronic in July 2007 with both e-TAG and e-pass video tolling arrangements in use, similar to technologies used by the Westlink M7, Cross City Tunnel and the Lane Cove Tunnel.[13] This measure has substantially eased the traffic jams heading towards the electronic gantries, and providing increased convenience and time savings. The Sydney Harbour Tunnel attracts a varying toll (that was introduced in 2009) of between A$2.50 and A$4.00, depending on the time of day.[14] The toll is levied on the southbound approach to the tunnel entrance.

Exits and interchanges
Southern entrance to the Sydney Harbour Tunnel, heading northbound
LGALocationkmmiDestinationsNotes
North Sydney CouncilNorth Sydney0.00.0 Warringah Freeway (M1) – Newcastle, BrisbaneNorthern end of tunnel
Port JacksonSydney Harbour Tunnel
City of SydneySydney2.81.7 Cahill Expressway (M1) – Wollongong, Canberra, Sydney AirportSouthern end of tunnel
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
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gollark: Infipage restored to beestatus.
gollark: Oh, I need to fix infipage, silly me.
gollark: And yet you attempted to python it.
gollark: <@319753218592866315> What do you want to *do* with the osmarks.tk osmarksradio stream?

See also

References
  1. Robins, Brian; Besser, Linton (11 December 2008). "Sydney Harbour tunnel a $1b black hole". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  2. Muhammad, Imran; Low, Nicholas (December 2006). Mega Projects in Transport and Development: Background in Australian Case Studies. Australasian Centre for the Governance and Management of Urban Transport. Retrieved 3 July 2009.
  3. "Planning approval for Sydney Metro under the Harbour". Sydney Metro. New South Wales Government. 10 January 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  4. McNab, Heather (11 January 2017). "Twin tunnels under Sydney Harbour given green light for metro project". The Daily Telegraph. News Corp. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  5. Ralston, Nick (11 December 2008). "Harbour tunnel still good value: govt". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
  6. Dodgson, Mark; Gann, David M. (2018). The Playful Entrepreneur: How to Adapt and Thrive in Uncertain Times. Yale University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0300233926.
  7. Cory, W. T. W (Bill) (2005). Fans & ventilation: a practical guide (hardback). Amsterdam; Boston: Elsevier in association with Roles & Assoc. pp. 17–18. ISBN 0-08-044626-4 (reproduced from the original published in The Daily Telegraph-Mirror Harbour Tunnel souvenir).
  8. "Sydney Harbour Tunnel". Building Sydney motorways. Roads and Maritime Services. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
  9. Carter, Paul (12 December 2007). "Jitters about Sydney Harbour Tunnel loan". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  10. Achterstraat, Peter (December 2008). "Auditor-General's Report to Parliament 2008 Volume Six – Roads and Traffic Authority". Audit Office of New South Wales. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  11. Achterstraat, Peter. "Auditor-General's Report to Parliament 2007 Volume Six – Roads and Traffic Authority". Audit Office of New South Wales. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  12. Aston, Heath (25 April 2007). "Sydney toll network dumps coins". The Daily Telegraph. Australia. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
  13. Aston, Heath (5 July 2007). "Drivers' gridlock on e-tags". The Daily Telegraph. Australia. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
  14. Haynes, Rhys (19 July 2011). "Peak-hour tolls on the Harbour Bridge and Tunnel could be scrapped". The Daily Telegraph. Australia. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
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