Pacific Highway (Australia)

The Pacific Highway is a 790-kilometre-long (490 mi)[1][2][3][4] national highway and major transport route along the central east coast of Australia, with the majority of it being part of Australia's national route 1.

Not to be confused with Pacific Motorway (Brisbane–Brunswick Heads) or Pacific Motorway (Sydney–Newcastle).

Pacific Highway

New South Wales
General information
TypeHighway
Length790 km (491 mi)[1][2][3][4]
Route number(s)
Major junctions
Brunswick Heads to Mayfield West
North end Pacific Motorway (M1)
 
South end Industrial Drive (A43)
Newcastle West to Tuggerah then Ourimbah to Wyoming
NE end Stewart Avenue (A43)
 
SW end Mann Street
Kariong to North Sydney
North end
  • Pacific Motorway (M1)
  • Central Coast Highway (A49)
 
South end Warringah Freeway (M1)
Location(s)
Major settlementsBallina, Grafton, Coffs Harbour, Kempsey, Taree, Newcastle, Gosford, Wahroonga
Highway system

The highway and its adjoining Pacific Motorway between Brisbane and Brunswick Heads and Pacific Motorway between Sydney and Newcastle links the state capitals of Sydney in New South Wales with Brisbane in Queensland, approximately paralleling the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean coast, via Gosford, Newcastle, Taree, Port Macquarie, Kempsey, Coffs Harbour, Grafton, and Ballina. The highway stops short of the Queensland border near the Gold Coast, where the highway has been diverted as a motorway and the former highway subsequently renamed as the Gold Coast Highway.

The Pacific Highway is one of the busiest highways in Australia, and is subject to continual upgrade to a dual carriageway (minimum four-lane) divided road, with about 81% of the entire route built to this standard as of 1 October 2017.[7] In June 2015, the Commonwealth and NSW governments announced their intention to upgrade the entire highway to dual carriageway by 2020.[8]

Route description

A map of the Pacific Highway between Nambucca Heads to its northern terminus, northwest of Byron Bay. Thereafter the Pacific Motorway continues north to Brisbane.
KEY

  Pacific Hwy
  New England Hwy
  Other major highways
  Other freeways/motorways/expressways

The Pacific Highway is a 790-kilometre-long (490 mi)[1][2][3][4] national highway and major transport route along the central east coast of Australia, with the majority of it being part of Australia's national route 1.

Various sections of the route are dual carriageway or motorway-standard:

  • Brisbane to Ballina: Completely replaced by the Pacific Motorway as part of the 1996 Upgrade Masterplan.
  • Ballina to Hexham: Progressively being converted to dual carriageway or freeway standards, as part of the 1996 Upgrade Masterplan.
  • Hexham to Wahroonga: replaced by the Pacific Motorway (also known as the Sydney–Newcastle Freeway and formerly the F3 Freeway) as the national route between Wahroonga and Beresfield in sections between 1965 and 1993.
  • Wahroonga to Sydney CBD: divided metropolitan road, with Metroad route substituting the national route, the route via M2 Motorway and Pennant Hills Road as an alternative.

The Pacific Highway passes through some of Australia's fastest growing regions, the NSW's Central Coast and North Coast and also the Brisbane-Gold Coast corridor, with tourism and leisure being the primary economic activity. Hence the traffic is heavy, particularly during holiday seasons, resulting in major congestion. For direct Sydney–Brisbane travel, the New England Highway is an alternative that passes through fewer major towns and carries less local traffic. Another alternate route is via the scenic Bucketts Way and Thunderbolts Way to the Northern Tablelands at Walcha before rejoining the New England Highway at Uralla. This route reduces the distance of the Sydney to Brisbane trip by about 70 kilometres (43 mi).

Major cities and towns along the Pacific Highway include: Gosford, Wyong, Newcastle, Taree, Port Macquarie, Kempsey, Coffs Harbour, Grafton, Ballina and Byron Bay, all in New South Wales; and Gold Coast in Queensland.

Major river crossings include the Hawkesbury, Hunter, Myall (just to the east of Bulahdelah), Manning (south of Coopernook), Hastings (west of Port Macquarie), Macleay (just to the east of Frederickton), Nambucca (near Macksville), Bellinger (near Raleigh), Clarence (via the Harwood Bridge near Maclean), Richmond (at Ballina), Brunswick, and Tweed rivers.

Sydney to Kariong

From Sydney the Pacific Highway starts as the continuation of the Bradfield Highway at the northern end of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, immediately north of the Sydney central business district and is the main route as far as the suburb of Wahroonga. From the Harbour Bridge to the Gore Hill Freeway at Artarmon it has no route number and from the Gore Hill Freeway to Wahroonga it is designated as A1. When the Warringah Freeway was built in the late 1960s, southbound traffic was diverted through North Sydney via Mount Street. In October 1985 it was again diverted via Berry Street.[9]

From Wahroonga, the Pacific Highway is mostly parallel to the freeway until Kariong (at which point it diverts into the Central Coast through Gosford and Wyong). The section of the highway from Cowan to Kariong follows a scenic winding route with varying speed limits, typically 60 or 80 km/h (37 or 50 mph).

Somersby to Hexham

The section of what was formerly the Pacific Highway from the Wiseman's Ferry Road junction at Somersby, through to the Pacific Highway exit at Gosford (adjacent to Brian McGowan Bridge), has been rebadged as the Central Coast Highway with the route number A49. Then the highway continues north without a route number through the Central Coast suburbs of Ourimbah and Wyong as a regional route before meeting with a spur of the Pacific Motorway near Doyalson numbered as "A43". At this point the Pacific Highway becomes "A43" for most of its length, and is a four-lane regional highway passing Lake Macquarie and on through the suburbs of the cities of Lake Macquarie and Newcastle before rejoining national route 1 at Hexham.

From Bennetts Green to Sandgate it is supplemented by the Newcastle Inner City Bypass, through New Lambton and Jesmond. Two lengths of this route (Bennetts Green-Kotara Heights and Jesmond-Sandgate) have been replaced by freeway.

North of Hexham
From the hill, showing the Chinderah-Yelgun section of the highway as it sweeps through the Tweed Valley.

From Hexham, the Pacific Highway (A1) passes up the NSW north coast to Brunswick Heads[6] where it becomes the Pacific Motorway (M1) through to Brisbane.

Gazette definition

The Pacific Highway used to be an undivided road from Sydney to Brisbane when it was first proclaimed. Since the most recent declaration of the highway in the April 2010 gazette, the New South Wales section of the highway is officially made up of four separate sections within New South Wales: Warringah Freeway, North Sydney to Gosford Interchange near Kariong; Henry Parry Drive, Wyoming to Sydney-Newcastle Freeway at Ourimbah Interchange; Wyong Road, Tuggerah to Hunter Street, Wickham; and Maitland Road, Warrabrook to the Queensland Border.[10] Since February 2013, the freeway section of the highway north of Brunswick Heads is also concurrently gazetted and is named and signposted Pacific Motorway. South of here, the section between Brunswick Heads and Bruxner Highway near Ballina is also signposted Pacific Motorway, however it is not declared as so in the gazette as of February 2019, therefore it remains as only Pacific Highway in the gazette. Former sections of the highway that were removed from the gazette, such as between Gosford and Tuggerah, also continue to be signposted Pacific Highway.

Former sections

Former sections of Pacific Highway were created when the sections were removed from the gazette definition, or were bypassed by new sections of Pacific Highway. However, as mentioned, some former sections of Pacific Highway that were removed from gazette definition continue to be referred and signposted as Pacific Highway.

Removed from gazette definition

Between Sydney and Hexham or Newcastle, some sections of the highway were re-gazetted as other roads and/or not gazetted as part of Pacific Highway anymore. However, As of January 2019 many of these are still referred to and signposted as Pacific Highway.

The first two sections of the highway to be removed from the gazette was the Calga to Kariong section and a section in Gosford between Racecourse Road/Etna Street and Brian McGowan Bridge in November 1996. The remaining section within Gosford, between Kariong and Brian McGowan Bridge, was re-gazetted and renamed Central Coast Highway in August 2006.[11][12][13] These changes resulted in the previously undivided section between Ourimabah and Sydney to be split into two: Kariong to Sydney, and Ourimbah to Wyoming.

The April 2010 gazette removed the sections between Racecourse Road/Etta Street and Henry Parry Drive/Pemmel Street in Gosford, between Ourimbah and Tuggerah, and between Hunter Street and Industrial Drive in Newcastle from the existing declaration of the highway, but redeclared the section between Calga and Kariong.[14][15] As of January 2019, this is the most recent gazette to redefine the declaration of Pacific Highway. Even though these three removed sections are not gazetted as part of Pacific Highway any more, street signage continues to show "Pacific Highway" and maps often show both the current road name and "Pacific Highway" together.

In Queensland, Pacific Highway used to go into Brisbane, however, most sections have been renamed to other roads or highways. For example, the section of Pacific Highway between Coolangatta and Currumbin is now part of Gold Coast Highway.

Bypassed

Sections of the highway between Hexham and the Queensland/NSW border that were bypassed and replaced by new sections of the Pacific Highway, were renamed and downgraded to local roads, and are no longer part of Pacific Highway. As the new sections are just bypasses, this meant that the section between Hexham and Queensland border is still a continuous route. The former 39 kilometres (24 mi) section through Kempsey and Frederickton was a bypassed section that was replaced by a new freeway bypass and bridge over the Macleay River in 2013 and 2016. The original route, which included the site of the Kempsey bus crash, was renamed the Macleay Valley Way.[16]

In May 2009, the portion of the Tugun Bypass (newly opened in June 2008) within New South Wales boundaries was declared as the new alignment of Pacific Highway between Tweed Heads interchange and the Queensland border. The 1-kilometre-long (0.62 mi) older bypassed alignment along Tweed Heads Bypass (opened 1992) towards the border at Coolangatta was gazetted as Gold Coast Highway instead, extending the already existing Gold Coast Highway in Queensland, into New South Wales.[17][18] The Tugun Bypass was handed over to the NSW government in June 2018.[19] The section of the bypassed highway within Queensland borders between Stewart Road and Gold Coast Highway was officially renamed Tugun-Currumbin Road, but is signposted as Stewart Road.[20][21]

All of these bypassed sections have been renamed to different names including Old Pacific Highway, such as the sections in Raleigh and Brunswick Heads.

Major intersections
Further information: Pacific Highway (Australia), Major intersections

The major intersections of the Pacific Highway, spread over 790 kilometres (490 mi) on the eastern seaboard of New South Wales comprise a mix of freeway grade-separated conditions, suburban and urban roads. Between the Pacific Motorway at Brunswick Heads in the north, and the highway's southern terminus at Bradfield Highway and Cahill Expressway in North Sydney, major intersections include:

Bruxner Highway (B60)
Gwydir Highway (B76)
Waterfall Way (B78)
Oxley Highway (B56)
New England Highway (A43)
Newcastle Inner City Bypass (A37)
Central Coast Highway (A49)
Pacific Motorway (M1)
Cumberland Highway (A28)
Mona Vale Road / Ryde Road (A3)
Gore Hill Freeway (M1)
Lane Cove Tunnel (M2)
Warringah Freeway (M1)

History

Initially, the primary mode of transport of the coastal areas between Sydney and Brisbane was by boat. From the roads radiating out from the port towns, the intervening hills were eventually crossed to create a continuous route along the coast, but this did not occur until the first decade of the 20th century. By contrast a continuous inland route from Newcastle to Brisbane via the Northern Tablelands had been in existence since the 1840s. A direct coastal route between Sydney and Newcastle was not completed until 1930, and completion of the sealing of the Pacific Highway did not occur until 1958 (at Koorainghat, south of Taree). The last of the many ferries across the coastal rivers was not superseded by a bridge until 1966 (the Harwood Bridge across the south channel of the Clarence River – the north channel had been bridged in 1931).

Between 1925 and 1930 the then-Main Roads Board reconstructed a route between Hornsby and Calga that had been abandoned some forty years earlier, in order to provide a direct road link between Sydney and Newcastle. In addition a replacement route, from Calga into the gorge of Mooney Mooney Creek and up to the ridge at Kariong above Gosford, was also required. This new Sydney–Newcastle route via Calga and Gosford was some 80 kilometres (50 mi) shorter than the previous route via Parramatta, McGraths Hill, Maroota, Wisemans Ferry, Wollombi and Cessnock. At first Peats Ferry was reinstituted to cross the Hawkesbury River, with construction of the bridge not beginning until 1938, due to the Great Depression. Due to the onset of World War II, the Peats Ferry Bridge was not completed until May 1945.

Shark Creek bridge near Maclean, formerly part of the Pacific Highway

In 1928 the road from Sydney to Newcastle (still under construction) was proclaimed as part of the Great Northern Highway, and the road from Hexham to Tweed Heads as the North Coast Highway. In 1931 the full length from Sydney to Brisbane was proclaimed as the Pacific Highway.

Until the 1990s most road freight between Sydney and Brisbane passed along the New England Highway instead, due to the easier topography of the Northern Tablelands it traverses. Between 1950 and 1967, traffic on the Pacific Highway quadrupled due to the attraction of coastal towns between Sydney and Brisbane for retirement living and tourism.

Two major coach accidents on the Pacific Highway in 1989 near Grafton (in which 20 people died) and at Clybucca near Kempsey (in which 35 people died) resulted in a public outcry over the poor quality of the road and its high fatality rate.[22] The Pacific Highway was never part of the federally funded system of National Highways. This appears to be because when the federal government funding of the 'national highway' system began in 1974, the longer New England Highway was chosen rather than the Pacific Highway as the Sydney–Brisbane link due to its easier topography and consequent lower upgrade costs.

In 1994, the Roads and Traffic Authority considered the environmental impact statement of a proposal for a toll road between Coolongolook and Possum Brush.[23][24] The proposal was from Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation Ltd and Travers Morgan Pty Ltd.

Yet the highway was undeniably heavily used by interstate traffic and its upgrade was beyond the resources of the New South Wales government alone. The NSW and federal governments argued for years about how the responsibility for funding the highway's upgrade should be divided between themselves, only coming up with a mutually acceptable upgrade package just after the 1996/97 financial year.

Pacific Highway near Burleigh Heads, ~1934

1996 upgrade masterplan

Four lane dual carriageway standard upgrade

Single carriageway sections from Tweed Heads to Hexham are progressively being converted to freeway or dual carriageway standards. These are currently being upgraded as part of a joint New South Wales and federal funding arrangement and upgrade masterplan commencing in 1996. At the time, the plan targeted to have the Pacific Highway upgraded to dual carriageway by 2016. The current strategy divides the remaining sections into three levels of priority:[25]

  • Priority 1: Tweed Heads to Ballina, Port Macquarie to Hexham, Woolgoolga to Raleigh
  • Priority 2: Raleigh to Port Macquarie
  • Priority 3: Ballina to Woolgoolga

In the meantime, numerous sections of existing single carriageway road have been upgraded by re-alignments and safety improvement work including the addition of overtaking lanes, pavement widening and median barriers. Overall the highway has become safer and travelling times have been substantially reduced, particularly during holiday periods. As of March 2020, about 18% of the Pacific Highway from Tweed Heads to Hexham remained one lane in each direction with some form of overtaking opportunity occasionally, but dual carriageway was under construction to replace all of these sections. The other 82% (538 km) was dual carriageway.[25][26][27] Continuous dual carriageway, much of it freeway standard, now extends from Mayfield West to Halfway Creek, 38 km south of Grafton.[28]

As of August 2020, the status of four lane dual carriageway on the highway was:

Four lane dual carriageway status
Section Total length (km) 4-lane divided highway (km) Completion date
Current Upon Completion Current Under
construction		 Planned
Tweed Heads to Ballina (Bruxner Highway)[29]
including part of Pacific Motorway		 90.5 91 91 0 0 December 2015
Ballina to Coffs Harbour[30] 206.5 204 131 73 0 2020 (planned)
Coffs Harbour to Port Macquarie (Oxley Highway)[31] 151 145 145 0 0 June 2018
Port Macquarie to Mayfield West (Newcastle)[32] 221 217 217 0 0 2013
Totals 666 657 584 73 0 2020 (planned)

Motorway standard upgrade

Following the dual carriageway upgrade, the only remaining project of the Pacific Highway Upgrade is the Coffs Harbour Bypass.[33] Additionally, the M1 to Raymond Terrace project, which is classified as a separate project, will be a motorway extending and connecting the Pacific Motorway (Sydney to Newcastle section) to the upgraded Pacific Highway at Raymond Terrace.[34] As of May 2020, both projects are in planning stages.

Bypassed Towns

Most large towns have bypasses of a freeway standard, with Coffs Harbour being the last important remainder. Bulahdelah was the last town to be bypassed between Hexham and Port Macquarie. A joint federal-New South Wales A$315 million initiative was approved in July 2007, and enabled the construction of about 8.6 kilometres (5.3 mi) of four lane divided road with an eastern bypass of the Bulahdelah township.[35] The bypass opened in late 2013.

The 12.4 kilometres (7.7 mi) long Ballina Bypass was completed and open to traffic from 28 April 2012 at a cost of A$640 million. The northern section of the bypass (Cumbalum Interchange to Ross Lane Interchange) opened in March 2011 while the central section (Teven Road Interchange to Cumbalum Interchange) partially opened in December 2011; with northbound lanes from Teven to Bruxner opened in February 2012.[36]

Projects
List of projects on the Pacific Highway
Project Length (km) Construction dates Value Status Description Distance from
Sydney (km)
Start End
Tugun Bypass 7 June 2006[37] 3 June 2008[37] $543 million[37] Complete Part of the Pacific Motorway, partly in Queensland 823
Banora Point 2.5[38] December 2009[38] 22 September 2012[38] $359 million[38] Complete Part of the Pacific Motorway 817
Chinderah bypass 5.8[39] 1993[40] 29 November 1996[39] $67 million[39] Complete Part of the Pacific Motorway 812
Yelgun to Chinderah 28.6[41] May 2000[41] 6 August 2002[41] $348 million[41] Complete Part of the Pacific Motorway, includes 3 interchanges 784
Brunswick Heads Bypass (stage 1) 3.4[42] 12 September 1996[42] 5 June 1998[42] $17 million[42] Complete Part of the Pacific Motorway, first 2 lanes 774
Brunswick Heads to Yelgun 8.6[43] July 2005[40] 11 July 2007[43] $219 million[44] Complete Part of the Pacific Motorway, duplication 777
Tandy's Lane realignment 5.5[45] October 1999[46] 19 December 2001[47] $44 million[46] Complete Part of the Pacific Motorway 773
Ewingsdale to Tyagarah realignment 4.3[48] Late 1996[47] 16 October 1998[48] $22 million[48] Complete Part of the Pacific Motorway 765
Ewingsdale interchange 1.9[49] February 1999[49] 20 December 2000[49] $22.5 million[49] Complete Part of the Pacific Motorway 764
Tintenbar to Ewingsdale 17[50] May 2012[50] 18 December 2015[50] $862 million[50] Complete Four lane motorway (limited access), new alignment, 110 km/h speed limit, twin-tube road tunnel under St Helena Hill. 749
Ballina Bypass 12[51] May 2008[51] 28 April 2012[51] $640 million[51] Complete New alignment 737
Pimlico to Teven 2.3[52] November 2013[52] 5 May 2016[53] $92 million[52] Stage 2 complete Duplication, rebuilding of old carriageway, stage 3 to be completed as part of Woolgoolga to Ballina project 733
Devils Pulpit 7.3[54] December 2011[54] 20 March 2014[54] $77 million[54] Complete Four lanes, partly new alignment 678
Glenugie upgrade 2.5[55] 2010 9 February 2012[55] $60 million[56] Complete Four lanes, partly new alignment. Northbound carriageway due to open in late 2020[57] 590
Halfway Creek 3.4[58] Late 2002[59] June 2004 TBA Complete Partly new alignment. 583
Woolgoolga to Ballina 155[60] Early 2015 (est.)[61] 2020

Woolgoolga to Halfway Creek 24 October 2017

Halfway Creek to Glenugie 23 August 2017[62]

New bridge over the Clarence River at Harwood opened 12 December 2019

Tyndale to Maclean 1 April 2020[63][64]

Glenugie to Tyndale opened 19 May 2020[65][66]

 $4.3 billion[67] Under Construction

76 km Complete

 Duplication of existing highway with a major realignment of the existing Pacific Highway between Kangaroo Trail Road to Range Road, Glenugie to Maclean and Trustums Hill Road to Coolgardie Road This section may be upgraded from Pacific Highway to Pacific Motorway 561
Sapphire to Woolgoolga 25[68] August 2010[68] 30 July 2014[69] $850 million[68] Complete Four lane divided highway, new alignment, 10 km Woolgoolga bypass opened to traffic on 16 December 2013 535
Korora Hill Reconstruction 1.5[70] January 1997[70] 15 December 1997[70] $6 million[70] Complete Duplication and reconstruction 533
Coffs Harbour Bypass 12[71] 2020[71] 2024[71] $1.2 billion[71] In planning four lane freeway with 3 interchanges, new alignment, 2 tunnels and a cut and cover tunnel 524
Lyons Rd to Englands Rd 5.3[72] October 1997[73] 25 May 2001[73] $73m[74] Complete Duplication and reconstruction 520
Bonville upgrade 9.6[75] November 2006[76] 16 September 2008[76] $245m[75] Complete Duplication and reconstruction, covered tunnel for koalas 514
Raleigh Deviation 8[77] January 1995[77] 24 September 1998[77] $72m[77] Complete Duplication and reconstruction 506
Nambucca Heads to Urunga 22[78] November 2013[79] 22 July 2016[80][81][82] $780 million[78] Complete Four lane limited access motorway, 110 km/h, 3 interchanges, bypasses Urunga 484
Warrell Creek to Nambucca Heads 20[25] December 2014[25] 18 December 2017 (Nambucca and Macksville bypass)

Warrell Creek bypass opened 29 June 2018[81][83][84]

 $830 million[25] Open to Traffic with finishing work underway Four lane limited access motorway, 110 km/h, 2 interchanges, including bypasses of Warrell Creek, Macksville and Bellwood 464
Eungai Duplication 4.2[85] January 1998[77] March 1999[77] $15m[85] Complete Duplication of first carriageway, which was opened on 23 February 1994[86] 455
Frederickton to Eungai 26.5[87] August 2013[87] 16 May 2016[87] $675 million Complete Four lane divided highway. Freeway from Stuarts Point interchange to South Kempsey. 110 km/h speed limit 427
Kempsey Bypass 14.5[88] June 2010[88] 27 March 2013[88] $618 million[88] Complete Dual carriageway motorway with 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) bridge over Macleay River, New alignment 413
Kundabung to Kempsey 14[25] November 2014[25] 6 September 2017 (Opened to 2 lanes each way on 1 November 2017)[89][25] $230 million[25] Complete Upgrade of current road to four lanes, partially limited-access (One lane opened in each carriageway. Other lanes are open end of October 2017) 398
Oxley Highway to Kundabung[25] 23[25] October 2014[25] 17 November 2017[90] $820 million[25] Complete Four lane divided road (freeway south of Haydon's Wharf Road interchange), bridges over the Hastings and Wilson rivers, 2 interchanges, deep cutting through Cooperabung range. 373
Herons Creek Deviation Duplication 14[91] November 1997[92] 3 July 1998[91] $19m[91] Complete Duplication of the first carriageway, which was opened in 2 stages: the northern stage from Ryans Road to the Oxley Highway in December 1990 and the southern stage in November 1993.[91] 359
Herons Creek to Stills Road Upgrade 3.5[93] March 2011[93] 25 October 2013[94] $60m[93] Complete Replacement of substandard carriageway (part of the old highway) to raise the road to freeway standard. 356
Coopernook to Herons Creek 33[95] November 2007[95] 23 July 2010[95] $555m[96] Complete Upgrade of highway to four lanes including a western bypass of Moorland, Johns River and an eastern bypass of Kew. 325
Coopernook Bypass 4.2[97] February 2004[98] 22 March 2006[97] $44m[98] Complete Four lane bypass. 321
Taree to Coopernook 7.5[99] November 2001[98] 4 August 2005[99] $59m[99] Complete Upgrade to four lanes, two new bridges over Ghinni Ghinni Creek and two cattle underpasses. Some upgrading, including four-lane sections had commenced in September 1996 and was completed in 1998. 312
Taree Bypass 14.5[100] July 1993 (first carriageway)[101] 14 December 1997 (first carriageway); 12 April 2000 (second carriageway)[101] $126m[102] Complete Four lane highway, new alignment 303
Possum Brush to Taree 17[103] 1990[103] 19 August 1991 (Possum Brush Deviation); 24 May 1994 (Rainbow Flat Deviation)[103] TBA Complete Four lane highway, old road used for northbound carriageway between Failford Road and Bonvale Close, planned to be replaced as part of Failford Road to Tritton Road upgrade 294
Failford Road to Tritton Road upgrade 3[104]</ref> TBA TBA TBA In planning New carriageway and interchange with Failford Road 293
Bundacree Creek to Possum Brush 9.7[105] September 2004[106] 4 November 2006[107] $115m[107] Complete Four lanes generally along old alignment, including upgrade of existing Nabiac bypass, new interchange and bridges. 277
Wang Wauk to Bundacree Creek 4.8[108] August 1997[108] 10 December 1998[108] $21m[108] Complete Four lanes generally along old alignment. 272
Coolongolook to Wang Wauk 11.7[109] December 1999[110] 29 July 2001[109] $49m[111] Complete Four lanes generally along old alignment, 80 km/h zone through Coolongolook. 263
Bulahdelah to Coolongolook 23[112] April 1997[110] 27 October 1999[110] $130m[111] Complete Four lanes freeway on new alignment. Replaces the original winding highway which is now called Wootton Way. 236
Bulahdelah upgrade 8.6[113] August 2010[113] 27 June 2013[113] $315 million[113] Complete Four lane highway, new alignment 232
Karuah to Bulahdelah 11 (section 1),[114] 23 (section 2 and 3)[115] June 2005 (section 1)[116] February 2007 (sections 2 and 3) 15 December 2006 (section 1),[116] 2 October 2009 (sections 2 and 3)[116] $114m (section 1),[114] - (sections 2 and 3) Complete Four lane highway (section 1 from Karuah to 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) north of Myall Way and sections 2 and 3 further north) 193
Karuah bypass 9.8[117] June 2002[118] 22 September 2004[119] $117m[118] Complete Four lane freeway, bridge over Karuah River and interchanges at either end. 187
Raymond Terrace to Karuah 18[120] August 1998[120] 1 December 2000[120] $86m[120] Complete Four lane highway, consisting of new 2-lane northbound carriageway and upgrade of old road as southbound carriageway 165
Raymond Terrace Bypass 7.6[121] November 1993[121] 17 December 1998[121] $78m[121] Complete Four lane freeway, including 1 interchange and pairs of bridges at three other places 162
M1 to Raymond Terrace 15[122] TBA TBA TBA In planning Four lane freeway connecting the M1 to Pacific Highway, four interchanges, 2.6 km bridge over the Hunter River, bypasses Hexham, Tarro and Beresfield while replacing the existing route through Heatherbrae 147

Funding issues
A 2009 project sign for the Ballina Bypass, subsequently completed.

In 2007 mounting pressure was placed on the federal government to provide additional funding for the highway. On 10 October 2007 the Federal Minister for Transport and Regional Services pledged $2.4 billion in funding for the highway, subject to dollar for dollar funding by the NSW state government. However, the NSW state government refused to match funding. In the lead up to the 2007 federal election, then opposition leader Kevin Rudd pledged $1.5 billion in funding.[123] As part of Auslink 2 (Nation Building Program), the federal government announced in its 2009 federal budget that $3.1 billion would be spent on the highway up until 2014[124] at which time just 63% of the highway would be duplicated.[125] The NSW government will spend just $500 million over that same period, with $300 million cut as a result of the 2008 mini budget.[126][127]

From time to time, there are proposals in the media for the private sector to build a fully controlled-access high-speed tollway between Newcastle and the Queensland border, possibly using the BOT system of infrastructure provision. Nothing has eventuated from these proposals.[128]

The section of the highway from Cowan to Kariong follows a scenic winding route with varying speed limits, typically 60 or 80 km/h (37 or 50 mph). This section was damaged quite severely during severe weather in June 2007. Five people died when a bridge over Piles Creek collapsed and the entire section was closed due to subsidence 2 km (1.2 mi) further south. The road was reopened in 2009 when the Holt-Bragg Bridge was opened, named after the family that had perished.

Former route numbers

Former road routes have included:[129]

Safety
Hunter River bridge, Pacific Highway, Hexham, New South Wales is the largest of few surviving lift span bridges in NSW, still in working order.

The Pacific Highway is one of the most dangerous and deadly stretches of road in Australia. Between 1995 and 2009, over 400 people died on the highway. In 1989, two separate bus crashes, the Grafton bus crash (in which 20 people died) and the Kempsey bus crash (in which 35 died) on the highway were two of the worst road accidents in Australia's history.[135] In 2010, 38 people died on the Pacific Highway, and in 2011, 25 people.[136] Over the past 15 years, the New South Wales Roads & Traffic Authority reports that about 1,200 people have been injured each year.[136]

Much of the danger of the Pacific Highway lies in the fact that it contains long stretches of undivided road along which all types of vehicles, including private automobiles, buses, vans and trucks, simultaneously travel at speeds approaching and in excess of 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph). The undivided sections carry a high risk of head-on collisions. After the 1989 crashes, the investigating coroner, Kevin Waller, recommended that the highway be fully divided along its entire length, but only 51% had been divided by 2012.[137] Motorists surveyed by the National Roads and Motorists' Association voted the Pacific Highway the worst road in New South Wales in 2012.[138]

gollark: Unlike other languages which are annoying and inconsistent, or lack useful features for no reason.
gollark: I like Lua. It's simple, flexible and powerful.
gollark: Sure it is. Some programs use different argument formats.
gollark: It is, yes; I like the CraftOS shell quite a lot.
gollark: That doesn't really seem better. I guess I could add a command to search for programs fuzzily.

See also

References
  1. Pacific Highway, Valery NSW 2454, Australia to 3776 Pacific Highway, Tyagarah NSW 2481, Australia (Map). Google Maps. 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  2. Hunter River, Hexham NSW, Australia to Pacific Highway, Valery NSW 2454, Australia (Map). Google Maps. 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
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