Spike (missile)

Spike is an Israeli fire-and-forget anti-tank guided missile and anti-personnel missile with a tandem-charge HEAT warhead, currently in its fourth-generation.[4] It was developed and designed by the Israeli company Rafael Advanced Defense Systems. It is available in man-portable, vehicle-launched, and helicopter-launched variants.

For the U.S. Navy-designed missile of the same name, see NAVAIR Spike.
Spike
Spike ATGM Command & launcher unit (CLU) with mock-up Spike-LR missile mounted on a tripod at Singapore Army Open House 2007
TypeAnti-tank guided missile
Place of originIsrael
Service history
In service1981–present (Spike NLOS) 1997–present
Used bySee Operators
Wars1982 Lebanon War, Second Intifada, Iraq War, 2006 Lebanon War, War in Afghanistan (2001–present), Gaza War, 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict
Production history
DesignerRafael Advanced Defense Systems
DesignedLate 1970s (Spike NLOS)
ManufacturerRafael Advanced Defense Systems
Diehl Defence (Now part of Rheinmetall Defence Electronics)
Unit cost$210,000 Spike NLOS[1]
Produced• Spike NLOS: Early 1980s–present
• Spike-MR/LR/ER: 1997–present
• Spike-SR: 2012–present
No. built28,500 (2017)[2]
VariantsSee variants
Specifications
MassSpike-ER from helicopter:

• Missile in canister: 34 kg (74 lb 15 oz)
• Launcher: 55 kg (121 lb 4 oz)
• Launcher + 4 missiles: 187 kg (412 lb 4 oz)

Spike-MR/LR from ground:[3]
• Missile round: 14 kg (30 lb 14 oz)
• Command & launch unit (CLU): 5 kg (11 lb 0 oz)
• Tripod: 2.8 kg (6 lb 3 oz)
• Battery: 1 kg (2 lb 3 oz)
• Thermal sight: 4 kg (8 lb 13 oz)

Spike-SR:

• Missile in canister: 9.6 kg (21 lb 3 oz)
Length• Spike-MR/LR: 1,200 mm (3 ft 11 in)
• Spike-ER: 1,670 mm (5 ft 6 in)
Diameter• Spike-MR/LR: 130 mm (5.1 in)
• Spike-ER: 170 mm (6.7 in)
Rate of fireReady to launch in 30 seconds, reload in 15 seconds
Effective firing range• Spike-SR: 50–1,500 metres (55–1,640 yards)
• Spike-MR: 200–2,500 m (220–2,730 yd)
• Spike-LR: 200–4,000 m (220–4,370 yd)
• Spike-LR II: 200–5,500 m (220–6,010 yd)
• Spike-ER: 400–8,000 m (440–8,750 yd)
• Spike-ER II: 400–10,000 m (440–10,940 yd)
• Spike-NLOS: 600–25,000 m (660–27,340 yd)
Sights10× optical sight
WarheadTandem-charge HEAT warhead
Detonation
mechanism
Piezoelectric trigger
EngineSolid-propellant rocket
Guidance
system
Infrared homing – Electro Optical (CCD, Imaging Infrared (IIR) or Dual CCD/IIR), Passive CCD or dual CCD/IIR seeker

As well as engaging and destroying targets within the line-of-sight of the launcher ("fire-and-forget"), some variants of the missile are capable of making a top attack through a "fire, observe and update" method (essentially lock-on after launch);[4] the operator tracking the target, or switching to another target, optically through the trailing fiber-optic wire (or RF link in the case of the vehicle-mounted, long-range NLOS variant) while the missile is climbing to altitude after launch. This is similar to the lofted trajectory flight profile of the US FGM-148 Javelin.

Design
Cut away diagram of Spike ATGM.
Frontal close-up of the Spike missile's Command & launch unit (CLU) with thermal-imaging sight, tripod mount and an attached dummy missile canister.

Spike is a fire-and-forget missile with lock-on before launch and automatic self-guidance. The missile is equipped with an imaging infrared seeker.

The long and extended range versions of the Spike also have the capability of "Fire, Observe and Update" operating mode (also known as Lock-on after launch (LOAL)). The missile is connected by a fiber-optical wire that is spooled out between the launch position and the missile. With this, the operator can obtain a target if it is not in the line of sight of the operator at launch, switch targets in flight, or compensate for the movement of the target if the missile is not tracking the target for some reason. Hence, the missile can be fired speculatively for a target of opportunity, or to provide observation on the other side of an obstacle. The missile has a soft launch capability – the motor firing after the missile has left the launcher – that allows for the missile to be fired from confined spaces, which is a necessity in urban warfare.

The missile uses a tandem warhead consisting of two shaped charges: a precursor warhead to detonate any explosive reactive armor, and a primary warhead to penetrate the underlying armor. Currently, it is replacing aging second generation anti-tank missiles like the MILAN and M47 Dragon in the armies of the user nations. Spike missile is also equipped with heat chasing technology.

The Spike system is made up of the launching tripod with its fire control unit and the missile. There is no dedicated thermal sight on the launcher – the missile's imaging seeker is used. Altogether, the long range variant of the system weighs around 26 kg (57 lb).

Spike can be operated from the launcher by infantry, or from mounts that can be fitted to vehicles such as fast attack vehicles, armoured personnel carriers or utility vehicles. Vehicles that are not normally fitted with anti-tank weapons can therefore be given anti-tank capability.

Spike has been tested as a weapon system for the SAGEM Sperwer unmanned aerial vehicle. The Spanish Army has fitted the Spike-ER to its Eurocopter Tiger attack helicopters.[5][6] Both Israel and the United States have experimented with arming Black Hawk helicopters with the Spike missile; the US variant is used in UH-60M Battlehawk helicopters.[7]

Marketing

In order to facilitate the selling of the weapon system in Europe, the company EuroSpike GmbH was formed in Germany. Its shareholders Diehl Defence (40%), Rheinmetall Defence Electronics (40%) and Rafael via ERCAS B.V (20%). ERCAS B.V. is a Dutch holding company owned 100% by Rafael. EuroSpike GmbH is located in Röthenbach, Germany. The European variant of the Spike weapon system differs a little from the Israeli version and is marketed under the name EuroSpike.[8]

For other areas of the world, Rafael Advanced Defense Systems Ltd. is solely responsible.[9]

Variants

The reusable Command & launch unit (CLU), battery, tripod and the thermal sight are common for both MR and LR versions of the Spike missile family, each weighing 5 kg (11 lb 0 oz), 1 kg (2 lb 3 oz), 2.8 kg (6 lb 3 oz), and 4 kg (8 lb 13 oz) respectively.[3]

Spike-SR

The short range version of the weapon was unveiled in 2012 to give infantrymen a guided missile between the larger Spike-MR and unguided rockets.[10] The missile is 8 kg (17 lb 10 oz) for a 9.8 kg (21 lb 10 oz) disposable munition for use at platoon-level whose minimum range is 50 m (160 ft) and whose maximum range is 1.5 km (0.93 mi). It is equipped with a stiff-necked uncooled electro-optical infrared seeker and advanced tracker, as opposed to the gimballed seeker in the Spike MR/LR/ER versions.[11] The Spike-SR does not require a separate sight, instead utilizing the low-cost thermal camera and guidance electronics strapped to the missile's nose to provide this function through a display integrated into the launcher, showing the target until launch.[12] The warhead can either be a multi-purpose tandem shaped-charge warhead with blast-fragmentation effect[10] or a new Penetration-Blast-Fragmentation (PBF) variant leveraged from the MATADOR's anti-structure warhead to equip maneuvering forces in urban environments to breach enemy cover and structures with a lethal blast effect.[11] In May 2016 Rafael concluded deliveries of Spike-SR to its first export customer,[13] later revealed to be the Singapore Armed Forces to replace the Carl Gustav M2.[14]

Israeli soldier with MR/LR type Spike launcher

Spike-MR

The medium range version (Israeli designation: NT-Gil). The weight of the missile is 14 kg (30 lb 14 oz), its minimum range is 200 m, while its maximum range is 2,500 m (1.6 mi). It is used by infantry and special forces.[15]

Spike-LR

Long range version (Israeli designation: NT-Spike). The weight of the missile is 14 kg (30 lb 14 oz), and the weight of the complete system is less than 45 kg (99 lb 3 oz).[16] Maximum range is 4,000 m (2.5 mi) and it is used by infantry and light combat vehicles. It adds fiber-optic communication to and from the operator during flight.[17] Reported armour penetration capability is more than 700 mm (28 in) of Rolled homogeneous armour (RHA).[18] It is also deployed by Sentry Tech remotely controlled weapons stations along the Gaza border.[19] In early 2014, Rafael revealed they had increased the range of the Spike-LR to 5 km (3.1 mi), enhancing versatility on existing firing platforms and allowing it to be utilized on new ones like light helicopters.[20]

Spike-LR II
Spike LR 2

A new generation of the original Spike-LR is in full-scale development and scheduled to be operational by the end of 2018. Spike-LR II (Israeli designation: Gil-2, גיל 2) has reduced weight to 12.7 kg (28 lb), increased range of 5.5 km (3.4 mi) at ground level and 10 km (6.2 mi) from helicopters using an RF data-link, warhead options of tandem HEAT with 30% increased armor penetration or a multipurpose blast warhead with selectable impact or penetration detonation fusing, a new seeker that includes an uncooled IR sensor with a smart target tracker with artificial intelligence features, the ability to fire on grid target coordinates using an inertial measurement unit for third party-target allocation, and is compatible with legacy launchers. The missile is designed with a counter-active protection system (CAPS) capability, being able to hit targets at higher impact angles of up to 70 degrees.[21][22] First ordered by the IDF in October 2017.[23]

Spike-ER

Extended range or extra-long range version of the weapon (Israeli designation: NT-Dandy or NT-D). It has a minimum range of 400 m and a maximum range of 8,000 m (5.0 mi).[24] It has a larger diameter and is heavier than the other systems, and is usually vehicle mounted. It is used by infantry, Light Combat Vehicle (LCVs), and helicopters. The Finnish Navy's Coastal Jaegers and Philippine Navy's Multi-purpose Attack Craft Mk.III also operate this version in the anti-ship role. The weight of the missile is 34 kg (74 lb 15 oz), the launchers are 30 kg (66 lb 2 oz) and 55 kg (121 lb 4 oz) respectively for the vehicle and air-launched versions. Penetration is around 1,000 mm (39 in) of RHA.[18]

Spike-ER II

In August 2018, Rafael disclosed the development of an enhancement of the missile called the Spike-ER II. It retains the same weight, airframe, surface geometries, and propulsion unit but introduces a two-way RF data-link to increase real-time control to an extended range of 16 km (9.9 mi) from helicopters; it also has an extended fiber optic link to increase range to 10 km (6.2 mi) from land and naval platforms.[25]

Spike NLOS

"Non Line Of Sight" is an ultra long-range version of the weapon (Israeli designation: Tamuz, תמוז), with a claimed maximum range of 25 kilometres (16 miles). It is a significantly larger missile than other Spike variants, with an overall weight of around 70 kg (154 lb 5 oz). It can be launched from the ground or from helicopters. It was developed following lessons learned in the Yom Kippur War, which showed a need for a high-precision guided tactical ground-to-ground battlefield missile. The first variants entered service with the IDF in tandem with the Pereh missile carrier in 1981, though the existence of both was not revealed to the public until 2011.[26][27][28] The Spike NLOS uses a fiber optic link similar to other Spike versions, but only out to 8 km, after which it employs a radio data link for command guidance.[29]

In 2011 it also became known that in a highly unusual move, the British Army was hastily equipped with the missile, drawn directly from IDF inventory after being exposed to increasing insurgent attacks in Iraq and Afghanistan beginning in 2007 with three variants of the NLOS being procured. A total of 600 missiles was acquired, the breakdown being 200 NLOS MK.2 in 2007, 200 NLOS MK.4 in 2008 (together with the MK.2 these were known as Exactor-1) and 200 NLOS MK.5 (Exactor-2) in 2009.[30] For operational security, the codename of 'Exactor missile' was assigned in British service and it was initially mounted on launchers atop leased M113 APCs. Later on, the missile was fired from a separate trailer launcher instead, ditching the non-standard M113 APCs altogether.[31][32]

In a deal concluded on 6 September 2011, the South Korean government had agreed to purchase an unknown number of Spike NLOS missiles.[33][34]

Rafael is working on expanding the missile's versatility by enhancing the existing EO-IR/CCD seeker with semi-active laser (SAL) capability and different anti-armor, blast-penetration, and high-explosive fragmentation warheads to meet specific applications.[20]

In 2020 the US Army announced its intention to procure Spike NLOS missiles to be mounted on Apache helicopters.[35]

Mini-Spike

On 2 September 2009, at an IDF exhibition held at the 3rd Latrun annual land warfare conference, the Israeli Defense Force unveiled a new member of the Spike family of missiles – the Mini Spike Anti-personnel guided weapon (APGW).[36][37] Rafael claimed that this latest member of the Spike family of missile costs and weighed only a third of the Spike-LR at 4 kg (8.8 lb), while offering a longer engagement range of 1.3–1.5 km (0.81–0.93 mi) when compared to the Spike-SR. It was to introduce new flight modes to enable precision strikes in urban areas, such as flying through an open windows or attacking an enemy hidden behind defilade or obstacles using non-line-of-sight engagement. Mini Spike would use the same launcher and sight system of the Spike-LR, loading the missile on a special adaptor.[12][38] By 2016, Mini-Spike development had been discontinued.[11]

Operators
Map with Spike operators in blue
 Australia
Ordered unknown number of Spike-LR II missiles in 2018, for use on Boxer IFV.[30]
Spike-NLOS being fired from a Plasan Sand Cat.
 Azerbaijan
Total 350 Spike-LR and 250 Spike-NLOS missiles, some of which are mounted on the Plasan Sand Cat.[30]
 Belgium
240 Spike-MR/LR missiles ordered in 2013, delivery completed in 2015.[30]
 Brazil
The Brazilian Navy has selected Spike-ER missile to equip Westland Super Lynx helicopters.[39]
 Canada
Spike-LR missiles since 2016.[40]
 Chile
Total 2,200 Spike-MR/LR missiles, for use on modernised Marder IFVs.[30]
 Colombia
Total 85 Spike-LR/ER and 110 Spike-NLOS missiles.[30] The Colombian National Army Aviation's fleet of Sikorsky AH-60L Arpía IV[41]-series helicopters are armed with three variants of the Spike: the ER, LR and NLOS.[42]
 Croatia
Croatia has ordered 16 Spike LR launchers for its Patria AMV armored vehicles. However this is initial order, talks of 128 additional launchers for 20 brand new Patria IFVs and 84 Bradley M2 ODS IFVs that are about to join Croatian Army in 2020–2023. No indication if Croatia will purchase Spike MR or SR for its infantry formations. Croatia ordered 200 Spike LR missiles initially for $1.25 million. [43][44]
 Czech Republic
Total 500 Spike-LR missiles, for use on KBVP IFVs.[30]
 Ecuador
Total 244 missiles, delivered October 2009.[45]
 Finland
Total 900 missiles, breakdown being 300 Spike-MR, 200 Spike-LR with the remaining 400 being Spike-ER.[30] 100 MR (Panssarintorjuntaohjusjärjestelmä 2000) launchers plus an option for 70 more, and 18 ER (Rannikko-ohjus 2006) launchers for coastal anti-ship use.[46] Also Spike-LR missiles as a newer purchase.[47]
 Germany
Total 6,000 Spike-LR missiles,[30] 311 LR launchers on Puma IFVs.[48], over 214 launchers for the infantry, also planned to be used on Wiesel AWCs [49]
 India
Defense News reported that the Indian Army wanted to order Spike missiles and peripheral equipment in a $1 billion deal. Indian Ministry of Defence officials told the magazine that the order is for 321 launchers, 8,356 missiles, 15 training simulators, and peripheral equipment.[50][51][52] In October 2014, India chose to buy the Spike over the U.S. Javelin.[53] India's state-owned Bharat Dynamics Limited will be the systems integrator for the missiles with major work share for manufacture to be handled by Bharat Dynamics and Kalyani Group.[54] On 20 November 2017, it was announced that the deal was cancelled due to lack of transfer of technology. The DRDO has been instructed to produce an indigenous missile.[55][56][57] However, Indian media sources have reported that the contract will proceed as part of a restructured government to government agreement.[58] In April 2019, following the 2019 border skirmishes with Pakistan, the Indian Army approved an emergency purchase of 240 Spike MR missiles and 12 launchers to meet immediate requirements,[59] which were inducted into service in early October 2019.[60]
 Israel
The Spike NLOS (Tammuz) was introduced into service in the early 1980s.
In 1997, the Spike MR (Gil), LR (Gomed), ER (Perakh Bar) with associated launchers entered service.[27]
 Italy
Total 1,490 Spike-LR and 750 Spike-ER missiles (with associated launchers and training systems), Spike-LR are for use on Dardo IFV, Freccia IFV and VTLM Lince while Spike-ER are for use by AH-129 Mangusta attack helicopters.[30]
 Latvia
Total 12 Spike-LR.[46][61][62] Additional order in February 2018.[63][64][65]
 Lithuania
Total 1,000 Spike-LR missiles on order, for use on Boxer armored vehicles.[30][66]
 Netherlands
Total 2,400+ Spike-MR missiles (including 297 launchers and associated training systems) ordered in 2001, deliveries began in 2006 and was completed by 2011.[30] A total of 237 launchers and 1,974 missiles was assigned to the Royal Netherlands Army, while the remaining 60 launchers and 459 missiles was assigned to the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps.[67] The first weapon was actually issued in 2004 to the Regiment van Heutsz.[68]
 Peru
Total 516 Spike-LR and 175 Spike-ER missiles (including 48 launchers).[30]
 Philippines
Total 100 Spike-ER missiles ordered in 2016 with deliveries completed in 2018[30], for use onboard Philippine Navy's Multi-purpose Attack Craft Mk. 3.[69] Spike-NLOS ordered for Philippine Navy AW159 Wildcat helicopters.[70]
 Poland
Total 2,675 Spike-LR missiles (with 263 launchers and training systems) ordered in 2003 with deliveries completed by 2013, for use on Rosomak IFVs.[30] A follow-up order of 1,000 Spike-LR missiles was placed in 2015 with deliveries beginning in 2017 to be completed by 2020.[30]
 Portugal
Total 20 Spike-MR/LR missiles.[30]
 Romania
Total 3,000 missiles, breakdown being 2,000 Spike-LR (for use on MLI-84M IFVs) with the remaining 1,000 being Spike-ER (for use on IAR 330 SOCAT attack helicopters).[30]
Singapore Airshow 2008, a locally developed twin-tube launcher for the Spike as mounted on a Light Strike Vehicle of the Singapore Army.
 Singapore
In 1999, Singapore became the second country to acquire the Spike ATGM.[71] Total 1,500 Spike-LR missiles (with associated launchers and training systems) received between 2001 and 2006.[30] Between 2017 and 2018, another 500 Spike-SR was received as the new generation anti-tank guided missile for its infantry battalions.[72][73] The Hunter AFV of the Singapore Army is equipped with a twin tube pop-up launcher.
 Slovakia
Spike-LR II.[74]
 Slovenia
Spike MR/LR has been in operational use in the Slovenian Armed Forces since 2009.[75] Total 75 missiles. Some will be on Patria AMVs.
 South Korea
A South Korean government deal concluded on 6 September 2011 confirmed the procurement of unspecified numbers of Spike NLOS, of which about 50 missiles will be forward deployed to the South Korean islands of Baengnyeongdo and Yeonpyeongdo, close to the Northern Limit Line with North Korea.[33][34] On 19 May 2013 the South Korean military confirmed that "dozens" of Spike missiles had been deployed on the islands.[76] The Republic of Korea Navy will also deploy the Spike NLOS on AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat helicopters,[77] and the Republic of Korea Marine Corps has the Spike NLOS mounted on Plasan Sand Cat light vehicle.[78]
 Spain
Total 2,630 Spike-LR (including 260 launchers and associated training systems) and 200 Spike-ER missiles (for use by Eurocopter Tiger attack helicopters).[30] A total of 236 launchers and 2,360 Spike-LR missiles was assigned to the Spanish Army, while the remaining 24 launchers and 240 missiles was assigned to the Spanish Marines.[46]
 United Kingdom
600 Spike-NLOS missiles were procured by the British Army, the exact breakdown being 200 NLOS MK.2, 200 NLOS MK.4 and 200 NLOS MK.5 ordered in the years 2007, 2008 and 2009, respectively. In British service it has the name 'Exactor'.[30][31][32][46][79]
 United States
The Spike was offered by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems as a possible contender in the US Army JAWS missile program in 1996.[80] In January 2020, the Army revealed it would field the Spike NLOS on AH-64 Apache helicopters as an interim solution to acquire a longer range stand-off weapon.[81]

Evaluations
 Estonia
Estonian Defence Forces will likely purchase Spike-LR, Spike-LR II or Spike-ER missiles.[82][83]
 Thailand
Spike-MR is a contender along with Javelin.[84]
 Turkey
In January 1998, a partnership arrangement was announced between Israel Aerospace Industries and Kamov to market the Kamov Ka-50-2 attack helicopter in Turkish competition. One of the optional armaments being offered for the Ka-50-2 was the Spike-ER missile.[80] Eventually, Ka-50-2 lost to TAI/AgustaWestland T129 ATAK. Turkey has also examined the use of Rafael Overhead Weapon Station with Spike for its Otokar Cobra light armored vehicles.[80]
 United Kingdom
In February 2001, the British MoD awarded two contracts valued at $8.8 million for a year-long assessment of the Javelin and Spike-MR. The Spike was being offered by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems teamed with Matra BAe Dynamics, while the Javelin was being offered by a team of Lockheed Martin and Raytheon. The UK would like to field a lightweight antitank missile system for its Joint Rapid Reaction Force by 2005. In February 2003, the British MoD selected the Javelin.[80]
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See also

References
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