Solar furnace

A solar furnace is a structure that uses concentrated solar power to produce high temperatures, usually for industry. Parabolic mirrors or heliostats concentrate light (Insolation) onto a focal point. The temperature at the focal point may reach 3,500 °C (6,330 °F), and this heat can be used to generate electricity, melt steel, make hydrogen fuel or nanomaterials.

For the cooking apparatus, see Solar cooker. For electricity generation, see Solar power tower.
The solar furnace at Odeillo in the Pyrénées-Orientales in France can reach temperatures of 3,500 °C (6,330 °F).

The largest solar furnace is at Odeillo in the Pyrénées-Orientales in France, opened in 1970. It employs an array of plane mirrors to gather sunlight, reflecting it onto a larger curved mirror.

History

The ancient Greek / Latin term heliocaminus literally means "solar furnace" and refers to a glass-enclosed sunroom intentionally designed to become hotter than the outside air temperature.[1]

During the Second Punic War (218–202 BC), the Greek scientist Archimedes is said to have repelled the attacking Roman ships by setting them on fire with a "burning glass" that may have been an array of mirrors. An experiment to test this theory was carried out by a group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2005. It concluded that although the theory was sound for stationary objects, the mirrors would not likely have been able to concentrate sufficient solar energy to set a ship on fire under battle conditions.[2]

The first modern solar furnace is believed to have been built in France in 1949 by Professor Félix Trombe. It is now still in place at Mont Louis, near Odeillo. The Pyrenees were chosen as the site because the area experiences clear skies up to 300 days a year.[3]

Another solar furnace was built in Uzbekistan as a part of a Soviet Union "Sun" Complex Research Facility impulsed by Academician S. A. Asimov.[4]

Uses

The rays are focused onto an area the size of a cooking pot and can reach 4,000 °C (7,230 °F), depending on the process installed, for example:

  • about 1,000 °C (1,830 °F) for metallic receivers producing hot air for the next generation solar towers as it will be tested at the Themis plant with the Pegase project[5]
  • about 1,400 °C (2,550 °F) to produce hydrogen by cracking methane molecules[6]
  • up to 2,500 °C (4,530 °F) to test materials for extreme environment such as nuclear reactors or space vehicle atmospheric reentry
  • up to 3,500 °C (6,330 °F) to produce nanomaterials by solar induced sublimation and controlled cooling, such as carbon nanotubes[7] or zinc nanoparticles[8]

It has been suggested that solar furnaces could be used in space to provide energy for manufacturing purposes.

Their reliance on sunny weather is a limiting factor as a source of renewable energy on Earth but could be tied to thermal energy storage systems for energy production through these periods and into the night.

Smaller-scale devices

The solar furnace principle is being used to make inexpensive solar cookers and solar-powered barbecues, and for solar water pasteurization.[9][10] A prototype Scheffler reflector is being constructed in India for use in a solar crematorium. This 50 m² reflector will generate temperatures of 700 °C (1,292 °F) and displace 200–300 kg of firewood used per cremation.[11]

gollark: Since optimization is forced off.
gollark: It compiles faster actually.
gollark: Copy that into a Python source file, execute it, and enjoy.
gollark: The why compiler is on the wiki page.
gollark: ```$ ./whycompiler.py test.c -O -33 -o why.out$ ./why.out```

See also

References
  1. MEEF Roman Architectural Glossary
  2. 2.009 Product Engineering Processes: Archimedes
  3. Odeillo Solar Furnace official website, retrieved 12 July 2007
  4. English Russia's post about the Uzbekistan Soviet Solar Furnace
  5. PEGASE project home page
  6. SOLHYCARB, EU funded project, ETHZ official page Archived 2009-03-13 at the Wayback Machine
  7. Flamant G., Luxembourg D., Robert J.F., Laplaze D., Optimizing fullerene synthesis in a 50 kW solar reactor, (2004) Solar Energy, 77 (1), pp. 73-80.
  8. T. Ait Ahcene, C. Monty, J. Kouam, A. Thorel, G. Petot-Ervas, A. Djemel, Preparation by solar physical vapor deposition (SPVD) and nanostructural study of pure and Bi doped ZnO nanopowders, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Volume 27, Issue 12, 2007, Pages 3413-342
  9. "Solar Water Pasteurization". Solar Cookers International. 2010.
  10. US patent for solar barbecue granted in 1992.
  11. "Development Of A Solar Crematorium" (PDF). Solare Brüecke. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
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